4.7 Malfunctions in homeostatic mechanisms Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is Hyperthyroidism?
The thyroid is overactive, producing excessive thyroxine, leading to an increase in basal metabolic rate. Symptoms of this include elevated body temperature.
What is Hypothyroidism?
The thyroid is underactive, resulting in a reduced basal metabolic rate. Symptoms include decreased body temperature and enlarged thyroid glandvgoitre.
What is type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas produce little to no insulin, greatly affecting the regulation of blood glucose levels
What is type 2 diabetes?
Cells are resistant to insulin, causing high blood glucose. Lifestyle diabetes.
What is type 1 diabetes caused by and what might cause the body to do this?
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system specifically turns against the body’s own beta cells in the pancreas, attacking them as if they were foreign cells. This could be due to a lot of genetic and environmental factors e.g certain viral infections have been linked to the onset of type 1 diabetes, as they may trigger an autoimmune response in the body.
Why is type 1 diabetes characterised by a blood glucose level that is higher than normal.
Glucose is the main source of energy for body cells, but glucose is too large to diffuse across the plasma membrane and must be actively transported into cells. Insulin facilitates this transportation.
Because insulin production is defective in type 1 diabetes, the body cells of a person affected by this condition cannot take up glucose from the bloodstream.
As a result, the glucose levels in the blood rise above normal, a condition termed hyperglycaemia
Why does this increase of glucose in urine occur with someone with diabetes ?
Normally, any glucose that enters the kidney tubules from the bloodstream is reabsorbed back into the blood through a process of active transport.
However, the carrier proteins involved in returning glucose from the fluid in the kidney tubules back into the bloodstream are not able to deal with the high level of glucose filtered from the blood of a person with diabetes.
Therefore, much of the glucose from the bloodstream is lost in the urine instead of being reabsorbed.
Why will someone with type 1 diabetes have increased thirst and frequent urination ?
These symptoms arise in response to the higher than normal levels of glucose in the blood. The body increases its output of urine in an attempt to remove the excess glucose from the blood. The large volume of urine excreted means that the loss of water from the body via this route is excessive, and this in turn stimulates thirst.
Why will someone with type 1 diabetes have low energy levels, fatigue , extreme hunger and possible weight loss?
These symptoms arise in diabetes sufferers because the body cells are starved of glucose and hence are starved of energy. Without an adequate supply of glucose in body cells, they cannot generate sufficient ATP through cellular respiration to meet their needs. In addition, the loss of glucose from the body in urine can lead to weight loss. Body may begin to break down fat and muscle for energy cos glucose can’t be absorbed by cells leading to increased hunger.
Why might someone with untreated diabetes have blurred vision?
Untreated diabetes can lead to high blood sugar levels, which can cause a variety of complications throughout the body. One of the common complications of high blood sugar levels in diabetes is damage to the blood vessels in the eyes. When the small blood vessels in the retina are damaged they can cause blurred vision because the damaged blood vessels can leak fluid and blood into the retina, which can distort vision.
How is someone with type 1 diabetes treated?
People with type 1 diabetes are treated with insulin replacement, as they are unable to produce any insulin of their own. This typically occurs by injection or through an insulin pump
People with type two diabetes produce insulin but still have high BGLs explain.
In type 2 diabetes, beta cells still produce insulin, but the body cells of a person do not respond to it. Since the insulin cannot carry out its normal function, the glucose levels of a person with type 2 diabetes build up in the blood, leading to hyperglycaemia.
What is the treatment of someone with type 2 diabetes?
Lifestyle changes and insulin therapy.
What is hypoglycaemia?
Hypoglycaemia, on the other hand, is a condition in which there is too little glucose in the blood.
What is hypoglycaemia caused by?
Diabetes medication: Taking too much insulin or other diabetes medications, or taking them at the wrong time, can cause low blood sugar levels.
Skipped or delayed meals: Skipping meals, eating smaller than usual meals, or delaying meals can cause low blood sugar levels.
Symptoms of hypoglycaemia.
excessive hungertremblingsweatingnausea.
What is the treatment of someone with hypoglycaemia?
It can be treated by giving the affected person a source of glucose, such as glucose tablets, honey or a sweet.
Another treatment for severe hypoglycaemia is through the use of glucagon. In type 1 diabetes, due to the issues with producing insulin, natural glucagon does not work as expected, as the use of insulin and glucagon in the negative feedback loops of glucose regulation is interrupted. Therefore, administered glucagon can counteract the effects of hypoglycaemia by triggering the liver to break down stored glycogen and release this as glucose into the bloodstream. Glucagon medication is usually only used when an individual is not responsive or unconscious, or in cases of severe hypoglycaemia.
In some rare cases people without diabetes can develop hypoglycaemia explain some causes.
the production of too much insulin following a meal: this causes blood glucose to drop more than expected
drinking too much alcohol: this can cause damage to liver functionality. Usually, when blood glucose decreases, glucagon from the pancreas acts on the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose. If the liver is damaged, it can be difficult for the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose.
hepatitis: hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Similar to drinking too much alcohol, this can prevent the liver from functioning correctly, and not release glucose from glycogen.
some medications: different medications can cause side effects such as hypoglycaemia, such as medication for malaria.
anorexia: blood glucose levels can drop extremely low due to the lack of food consumption
tumours and pancreatic cancer: tumours in the pancreas and pancreatic cancer can affect the production of insulin and glucagon. More particularly, they can cause the overproduction of insulin. Too much insulin can cause blood glucose levels to fall, resulting in hypoglycaemia.
What is hyperthyroidism?
In hyperthyroidism, there is excessive production of thyroid hormones which drives up the basal metabolic rate, affecting many functions.
What are some symptoms of someone with hyperthyroidism?
an increase in the resting heart ratean elevated body temperaturean increase in appetiteunexplained weight losssensitivity to and sweating in warm conditionsrelative insensitivity to cold conditions.
What can cause hyperthyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism may be the result of the growth of nodules on the thyroid or local inflammation. Genetic factors can also predispose a person to hyperthyroidism.
What is inflammation?
Inflammation is a natural response of the body’s immune system to injury, infection, or tissue damage.
What is graves disease and what happens in grave disease.
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes overactivity of the thyroid gland, resulting in hyperthyroidism.In Graves’ disease, the immune cells target cells in the thyroid gland. These antibodies act like the pituitary hormone, causing the thyroid to produce excess thyroxine rather than producing the amount that allows for homeostatic mechanisms.
What are some symptoms of graves disease?
Enlarged thyroid gland , anxiety and fast heartbeat.
