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cardio 3 Flashcards

1
Q

white clot syndrome, associated with increased use of heparin,

A

heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis

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2
Q

what does the spleen do with blood

A

removes old and defective RBCs from circulation, returns iron from Hgb to bone marrow for reuse, storage for platelet mass (30%)

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3
Q

malignant change in lymphocytes causing tumors in lymphoid tissue

A

lymphoma

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4
Q

disease in which gastric mucosa is not secreting IF bc of antibodies being directly against the gastric parietal cells and or IF itself

A

pernicious anemia

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5
Q

what populations are affected by iron deficiency anemia

A

pregant, menstrating women

infants, children adolescents

those with poor diets

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6
Q

cardiac output =

A

stroke volume x HR

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7
Q

one of the most common hematological disorders world wide

A

iron deficiency anemia

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8
Q

what begins the clotting process

A

platelets

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9
Q

disease confined to only one lymph node or region

A

Stage I

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10
Q

thr force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels

A

blood pressure

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11
Q

painless moveable enlarged lymph nodes on one side of the body

A

hodgkins lymphoma

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12
Q

if a pts hemoglobin is below 8 what must be done

A

place pt on 3 liters via NC

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13
Q

what blood product would you need to control or prevent bleeding caused by thrombocytopenia

(30-50ml bag infused over 30-60 minutes)

A

platelets

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14
Q

carry fluid to lympatic duct or thoracic duct

A

lymph capillaries

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15
Q

what system works through diffusion and carries fluid from interstital space to blood, preventing edema

A

lymph system

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16
Q

known as “silent killer”

A

HTN

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17
Q

filter bacteria and foreign particles

A

lymph nodes

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18
Q

how do the kidneys assiste with BP control

A

by regulating sodium and fluid volume

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19
Q

charcterized by debilitating fatigue with a variety of complaints

A

chronic fatigue syndrome

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20
Q

abnormal destruction of circulating platelets

A

immune thrombocytopenia puroura

normal lifespan is 8-10 days with ITP 1-3 days, destrucion exceeds production

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21
Q

what is given for Lymes disease

A

amoxicillin po 2-3 weeks

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22
Q

normal WBC count

A

4-11

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23
Q

Rh+ can

A

receive any blood

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24
Q

the spleen produces what during fetal development

A

RBCs

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25
Q

drains into subclavin vein

A

lymph duct

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26
Q

arterial BP =

A

CO x systemic vascular resistance

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27
Q

when you have a HTN emergency what do you not want to do

A

lower BP too quickly, decrease mean arterial pressure by no more than 25% inone hour

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28
Q

over production and accumulation of functionally inactive lymphocyte due to genetic mutation

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

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29
Q

Rh-cannot recieve

A

+ blood

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30
Q

normal hematocrit

A

women 38-47%

men 40-54%

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31
Q

what blood product whould you need to increase O2 carrying capacity without volume (most common)

A

RBC

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32
Q

occurs in bone marrow, liver and slpeen.

A

hemolysis, erthrocyte destruction

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33
Q

what is associated with under production of RBCs and decrease of survival of the RBCs

A

anemia of chronic diseses, RBCs survive less than 120 days

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34
Q

group of disorders characterized by large and abnormal RBCs

A

megaloblastic anemia

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35
Q

what is the most common site for a bone marrow study

A

posterior iliac crest

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36
Q

Hgb 6-10

A

moderate anemia

tachycardia, dyspnea, diaphoresis, pallor

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37
Q

if you have a decrease in BP that activates what

A

sympathetic nervous system

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38
Q

excessive bone marrow production of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets which results in increased blood viscosity and volume

A

polycythemia

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39
Q

megaloblastic anemia is due to

A

vitamin deficiencies such as Vit B 12 and folic acid

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40
Q

signs and symptoms of polycythemia

A

pruitus, increased clotting, enlarged liver and spleen, bleeding, GOUT, CVA

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41
Q

the reduction of platelets below level needed for normal blood clotting (below 150,000)

A

thrombocytopenia

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42
Q

what WBC is first to arrive at the injury site, an increase of these could mean infection or tissue injury

A

neutrophils

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43
Q

if you are Rh+ you can donate to and receive from?

A

donate to RH+

recive from Rh+, Rh-

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44
Q

usually ABO incompatibility

A

acute hemolytic

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45
Q

Hgb less than 6

A

severe anemia

hypotension, heart failure

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46
Q

immature RBC

A

reticulocyte, they mature in 48 hours to a erythrocyte

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47
Q

what is the dagnosis of hodgkins

A

biopsy with reed sternberg cells

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48
Q

how is lymphoma staged

A

with roman numeral I-IV (which reflects location and extent) and with A or B ( either absence of or symptoms present)

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49
Q

enlarged spleen, decrease of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

A

splenomegaly

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50
Q

folic acid deficiency is very common and folic acid is needed for what

A

normal DNA synthesis of erythropoiesis

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51
Q

lymohangitis

A

inflammation of one or more lymphatic vessels, often seen in arms or legs

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52
Q

what gives protection from invading organisms

A

WBCs (leukocytes)

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53
Q

what are the two major compoents of blood

A

plasma, blood cells

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54
Q

blood administration process

A

baseline VS (within 15 minutes)

check PT ID

begin slowly (50ml/hr for 1st 15 min then incrsae to 125ml/h)

monitor pt q15initially then once/hr

transfuse in less than 4 hours

flush line with ND & d/c

complete paperwork

transfusion report to blood bank

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55
Q

relaxes vascular smooth muscle producing vasodilation

A

vasodilators

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56
Q

what WBC is formed during allergic response to allergen

A

eosinophils

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57
Q

what WBC is responsible for immune response, B cells and T cells

A

lymphocytes

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58
Q

what is the most characteristic sign of lyme

A

erythema migrans (bulls eye rash)

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59
Q

impaired production of RBCs, bone marrow is severly hypocellular, pancytopenia develops

A

aplastic anemia

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60
Q

decrease in total WBC count

A

leukopeina

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61
Q

what medication for HTN is not prescribed for patients with respiratory disorders

A

non selective beta blockers

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62
Q

what is the most commonly occurring hematologic cancer

A

non hodgkins lymphoma

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63
Q

sustained elevation of BP over 140/90 or use of anti-hypertensives in adults over 18y, average of 2 or more BP properly measured while sitting on at least 2 visits

A

HTN

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64
Q

what does the RAAS (renin angiotensin aldosterone system) do

A

decreases blood flow thorugh kidneys (holds onto sodium and H2O which increase blood volume and increase cardiac output

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65
Q

reticulocyte count measures

A

the rate at which RBCs appear in circulation

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66
Q

diease involving node on both sides of the diaphragm

A

Stage III

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67
Q

pancytopenia

A

low count of RBC, WBC and platelets

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68
Q

in the endocrine system, the stimulation of the SNS stimulates the release of epi/norepi which does what

A

increases HR & myocardial activity (CO) and causes vasoconstriction

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69
Q

what disease is the spread unpredictable, can originate outside of the lymph nodes and has a poor prognosis

A

non hodgkins lymphoma

70
Q

what blood product would you need for treatment of massive blood loss, bc of the O2 carrying capability and volume

A

whole blood

71
Q

if you are Rh- you can donate to and receive from?

A

donate to Rh-

reveive from Rh-

72
Q

signs symptoms of anemia

A

pallor, pruitus, jaundice, glossitis (enlarged shiny tongue), tachycardia, increase RR, HA, vertigo, bone pain

73
Q

what is the % of ingested iron is actually absorbed

A

5-10%

74
Q

what is the function of the lymph system

A

lymph vessels transfer lymph -excess fluid from tissues

75
Q

what WBC is a potent phagocytic cell tha tengulfs bacteria, dead cells, tissue debris and defective RBCs and is the 2nd type of WBC to arrive at the injury site

A

monocyte

76
Q

where is the spleen located

A

LUQ

77
Q

when giving blood products what must happen

A

2 nurses must sign transfusion record, only NS can be used to prime blood tubing before blood arrives

78
Q

blood cell production

A

hematopoiesis

79
Q

what is the most common vector born disease in the US

A

lyme

80
Q

lymphadenitis

A

inflammation of one or more lymph nodes

81
Q

ACE inhibitors blocks what

A

RAAS

82
Q

possible signs and symptoms of lyme

A

bulls eye rash, chronic arthritic pain, HA, bells palsy

83
Q

increase in total # of WBCs due to acute infection, tissue damage/dath leukemias

A

neutrophilia (leukocytosis)

84
Q

normal range for hemohlobin

A

women 12-16

men 13.5-18

85
Q

what test is used for the Rh factor

A

coombs test

86
Q

if you are B you can donate to and receive from?

A

donate to B, AB

receive from O, B

87
Q

becomes red with combined with O2, made of iron (heme) and protein and amino acids (binds with O2 and CO2)

A

hemoglobin

88
Q

what is a sign of hemolytic aneima

A

enlarged spleen and liver

89
Q

what is a symptom of HTN emergency syndrome

A

epistaxis

90
Q

total blood flow through the systmeic or pulmonary circulation each minute

A

cardiac output

91
Q

transmitted by bite of infected deer tick

A

lyme disease

92
Q

what are the 3 main causes of anemia

A

blood loss

decresased productoio of erythrocytes

increased destruction of erythrocytes

93
Q

normal BP

A

less than 120/80

94
Q

endotheila cells line the intima of the blood vessels and generage vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide, endothelin and prostacyclin

A

vascular endothelium

95
Q

whan an acute transfusion reaction occurs you should

A

stop transfusion

hang hew tubing NS kvo

VS q15 min

notify MD ASAP

notify blood bank, save all supplies and give to them

96
Q

netropenia

A

reduced netrophil count of less than 1,000

97
Q

intrinsic is

extrinsic is

A

hereditary

acquired (more common) trauma, infectious agents, iso-autoimmune reactions

98
Q

platelets clump in capillaries, medical emergency bc bleeding and clotting occur simultaneously

A

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

99
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

disease of lymph nodes

100
Q

what kind of patients will most likely have thrombocytopenia

A

chemo pts

101
Q

blood products have to be hung within _____ and transfusion must be complete within _____

A

30 minutes

4 hours

102
Q

what diagnosis’s lyme

A

lyme titer

103
Q

prevents angiotensin II fro binding to receptor site on wall of blood vessel

A

angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARBs)

104
Q

if you have an increase of diameter of a blood vessel you have a _______ of pressure

A

decrease

105
Q

what are causes of iron deficiency

A

inadequate diet, malabsorption, blood loss

106
Q

when hemoglobin is destroyed its parts are reused how?

A

heme is broken to bilirubin and iron (recycled), and globin breaks down into amino acids to build proteins

107
Q

what is the only accurate way to measure BP

A

intra arterial catheter

108
Q

how do neutropenic pts get most of their infections

A

health care providers, so wash your hands!

109
Q

cheilitis

A

inflammation of lips (can happen with iron deficency)

110
Q

leukopenia

A

less than 4,000

111
Q

erythrocytes

A

o2 transport

112
Q

what do you do with someone disgnosed with heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis

A

discontinue heparin (heparin and lovonox are now allergies), give protamine sulfate

113
Q

what WBC releases heparin, serotonin and histamines, and is a allergic and inflammatory reaction

A

basophils

114
Q

what is the most common symptom of HTN

A

asymptomatic

115
Q

Rh+ has

A

D antigen on RBC, Rh- doesnt

116
Q

epistaxis

A

nose bleed

117
Q

if you are AB you can donate to and receive from?

A

donate to AB

recieve from A, B, O, AB

118
Q

the life span of a RBC is

A

120 days

119
Q

what do macrophages do

A

remove abnormal, defective and damaged RBCs from circulation

120
Q

what is a treatment for GOUT

A

allopurinol

121
Q

leukocytes

A

infection protection

122
Q

thrombocytes

A

promote coagulation

123
Q

leukocytes are

A

WBCs

granulocytes

*neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

agranulocytes

*lymphocytes, monocytes

124
Q

what mechanisms regulate BP

A

cardiac output

systemic vascular resistance

125
Q

blood product needed to increase level of clotting factors in pts with a deficiency

A

fresh frozen plasma

126
Q

where is the liver found

A

RUQ

127
Q

excess circulating platelets, may lead to clot formation, caused by elevated platelet production in bone marrow

A

thrombocytosis

128
Q

where is vitamin K stored and what does it do

A

stored in fatty tissue and in liver

assists in coagulation

129
Q

what is the unerversal donor blood type

A

O-

130
Q

sensitive to leukocytes in blood, seen in multiple transusions

A

febrile non hemolytic

131
Q

PTs with cobalamin deficiency (Vit B 12) are at a high risk for what and what must they doas a life time therapy

A

gastric cancer

life long monthly B12 injections

132
Q

anemia of acute blood loss is a result of

A

sudden hemmorrhage, major comlication is shock, body needs 2-5 days to replace loss

133
Q

red marrow produces

A

hematopoietic stem cells that mature to become erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

134
Q

blood clotting maintains the integrity of the body when there is injury

A

hemostasis

135
Q

what is the most common symptom of thrombocytopenia

A

bleeding

136
Q

study of blood and blood forming tissue

A

hematology

137
Q

what is netropenia commonly caused by

A

chemo and immunosuppressive Rxs

138
Q

in order to be diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome you must meet what criteria

A

have unexplained chronic fatigue

not due to ongoing exertion

not alleciated by rest

results in reduction of activities

plus 4 other complaints such as, short term memory loss, sore throat, musle pain, jopint pain, HA

139
Q

extra nodal disease, usually liver or bone marrow

A

Stage IV

140
Q

destruction or hemolysis of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production

A

hemolytic anemia, caused by intrinsic or extrinic reasons

141
Q

RBC function

A

tranport o2 and CO2 and assist in acid base balance

142
Q

what are the 2 main actions of HTN Rxs

A

reduces SVR, reduces volume of circulating blood

143
Q

the force opposing the movement of blood

A

vascular resistance

144
Q

what is the universal recipient for blood

A

AB-

145
Q

If you are O you can donate to? and recieve from?

A

donate to A, B, AB, O

recieve from O

146
Q

disease confined to 2 or more nodal regions onthe same side of the diaphragm

A

Stage II

147
Q

what blood product is used for hypovolemic shock and hypoalbuminemia

A

albumin

148
Q

what is needed after a splenectomy

A

pneumococcal vaccine, monitor for hemorrhage and shock

149
Q

anemia of chronic blood loss occurs because of

A

the iron stores are depleted

150
Q

what dont you do for someone with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

give platelets

151
Q

what size needle is needed for blood transfusion

A

20 gauge or larger

152
Q

group of hematologic disorders characterized by change in quantity and quality of bone marrow elements

A

myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)

153
Q

treatments for thrombocytopenia

A

corticosteroids (for unknown) platelet transfusions, neumga (platelet growth factor)

154
Q

Hgb 10-14

A

mild anemia

may have no complaints or C/O palpitations, dyspnea, fatigue

155
Q

average SBO greater to or equal to 140 coupled with an average of DBO less than 90, loss of elasticity in arteries

A

isolated systolic HTN

156
Q

what are the three major functions of blood

A

transportation (o2, nutrients, waste products), regulation (fluid, temp) and protection (clotting, combat infection)

157
Q

if you have a decrease of diameter of blood vessel you have a ________ of pressure

A

increase

158
Q

what does the liver do with blood

A

stores iron, produces procoagulants essential to hemostsis and blood coagulation

159
Q

deficiency in # of erythrocytes, quantity of hemoglobin, volume of packed RBCs

A

anemia

160
Q

symptoms of HA, N?V, seizuers, confusion

A

HTN ecephalopathy

161
Q

what stiulates bone marrow to increase RBC production

A

erythropoiesis

162
Q

what aids in clotting bloot, and is activated at site of any tissue or vessel damage

A

platelets (thrombocytes)

163
Q

increase of iron, liver enlarges and develops cirrhosis

A

hemochromatosis

164
Q

normal platelet count

A

150,000-400,000

165
Q

what is the average amount of blood you should have

A

5-6 liters

166
Q

can lab tests diagnosis chronic fatigue syndrome

A

no

167
Q

what medications are given for HTN

A

diuretics, adrenergic inhibitors, vasodialtors, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin inhibitors

168
Q

blocks movement of calcium into cells of blood vessels

A

calcium channel blockers

169
Q

radiologic visualization of the lymph system after injecting contrast medium

A

lymphangiography

170
Q

what blood product is removed from FFP and contains clotting factors

A

cryoprecipitate

171
Q

purpura

A

clumping of petechiae

172
Q

if you are A you can donate to and receive from?

A

donate to A, AB

recieve from O, A

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