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Biomedical Physiology > Principles of Physiology > Flashcards

Principles of Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of the functions of living things

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2
Q

Physiology describes how processes in the body work by explaining their…

A

mechanisms of action

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3
Q

What are the levels of organisation in the body?

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems

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4
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic unit of life

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5
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Groups of cells with similar specialisation

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6
Q

What are the four primary types of tissue in the human body?

A

Epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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7
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Provide protection
secretion
absorption

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8
Q

What is the function of the connective tissue?

A

To provide structural support

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9
Q

What is the function of muscular tissue?

A

For movement

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10
Q

What is the function of the nervous tissue?

A

Involved in communication coordination and control

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11
Q

Name an organ which is made up of all four primary types of tissue

A

The stomach

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12
Q

What is an organ?

A

A unit made up of several tissue types - >2

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13
Q

What is a body system?

A

A collection of related organs

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14
Q

How many body systems exist?

A

11

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15
Q

List the 11 body systems

A 
nervous
immune
reproductive
circulatory
respiratory
muscular
skeletal
integumentary
urinary
endocrine
digestive
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16
Q

Why do body systems not act in isolation?

A

There are complex body processes which require an interplay between different body systems

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17
Q

Give an example of a regulatory process which requires more than one body system

A 
Regulation of blood pressure 
nervous system
circulatory system
endocrine system
urinary system
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18
Q

What is the external environment?

A

The surrounding environment in which an organism lives

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19
Q

What is the internal environment?

A

The fluid that surrounds cells

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20
Q

Why do living organisms need to communicate with the external environment?

A

Obtain nutrients and o2 and to eliminate waste

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21
Q

Why is it easier for unicellular organisms to communicate with the external environment?

A

They can communicate directly whereas multicellular organisms have to communicate via the internal environment

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22
Q

What two parts make up the internal environment?

A

The intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid

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23
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

Fluid that is contained within body cells

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24
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

fluid that is contained outside cells but is still in the internal environment

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25
Q

What two parts make up the extracellular fluid?

A

The plasma and the interstitial fluid

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26
Q

What is the plasma?

A

The fluid portion of the blood

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27
Q

What is the interstitial fluid?

A

The fluid that surrounds and bathes cells

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28
Q

The interstitial fluid is key to

A

homeostasis

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29
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

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30
Q

What does the homeo and the stasis part of homeostasis mean?

A

Homeo means similar and stasis means to stand or stay

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31
Q

Why is homeostasis often said to be the foundation of physiology?

A

Cells make up the body systems and the functions of each body system contribute to homeostasis

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32
Q

Homeostasis is not rigid, it is a

A

dynamic process

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33
Q

Many factors are homeostatically maintained, give some examples.

A 
Nutrient molecules
o2 and co2 concentration
conc of waste products
pH
conc of h20, salts and other electrolytes
vol and pressure
temperature
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34
Q

Why does the concentration of nutrients have to be maintained?

A

Cells need a constant supply of nutrient molecules for energy production

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35
Q

Why does the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide need to be maintained?

A

Oxygen - for energy yielding reactions

Carbon dioxide - must be removed so acid forming co2 does not increase the acidity of the internal env

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36
Q

Why does the conc of water products need to be maintained?

A

some chemical reactions produce end products that are toxic if accumulated

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37
Q

Why does the pH have to be maintained?

A

Changes in pH of ECF adversely affect nerve cell functions and wreck havoc with enzyme activity of all cells

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38
Q

Why does h20/salt concentration need to be maintained?

A

Relative conc of h20 and salts influences how much watr enters or leaves cells. must be maintained as cells don’t function normally when they are swollen or shrunken

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39
Q

Why do electrolytes need to be maintained?

A

Some perform vital functions for example the rhythmic beating of the heart depends on a relatively constant concentration of K+ ions in the ECF

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40
Q

Why does volume and pressure need to be maintained?

A

The plasma must be maintained at adequate volumes to ensure bodywide distribution. blood pressure must be maintained for bodywide distribution.

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41
Q

What happens if the temperature is too high?

A

The structural and enzymatic proteins of cells are impaired or destroyed

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42
Q

What happens if the temperature is too low?

A

The cells slow down

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43
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A

The heart, the blood vessels and the blood

44
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

A transport system

45
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Carries materials from one part of the body to the other - transports nutrients, o2, co2, wastes electrolytes and hormones

46
Q

Homeostatic control mechanisms may be intrinsic or…

A

extrinsic

47
Q

What is an intrinsic control mechanism?

A

It is a local, inherent in an organ control mechanism

intrinsic - within a local area/organ

48
Q

Give an example of an intrinsic control mechanism in action

A

exercising skeletal muscle requires o2 to generate energy to support its contractile activity. the o2 conc within the muscle falls. local chemical change acts directly on the smooth muscle in walls of the blood vessels that supply the exercising muscle. smooth muscle relax - vessels dilate. increase blood flow, increase o2. local mechanism maintains optimal level of o2 in surrounding fluid.

49
Q

What is an extrinsic control system?

A

Extrinsic means outside of

Initiated outside an organ to alter its activity

50
Q

Give an example of an extrinsic control mechanism in action

A

To control blood pressure, the nervous system acts on the heart and blood vessels

51
Q

What are extrinsic/systemic control systems mediated by?

A

The nervous and endocrine systems

52
Q

Homeostatic control mechanisms operate on a principle of…

A

negative feedback

53
Q

What is the negative feedback system

A

detection of a change away from a set point
initiates mechanisms to correct situation
shuts itself off

54
Q

why is it called a negative feedback system?

A

because it drives the variable in the opposite direction of the initial change

55
Q

What is the overall goal for a negative feedback system to achieve?

A

In negative feedback, a control systems output is regulated to resist change so that the controlled variable is kept at a relatively set point

56
Q

Deviation in controlled variable detected by

A

the sensor

57
Q

the sensor informs the

A

integrator

58
Q

the integrator sends instructions to the

A

effector

59
Q

the effector brings about a

A

compensatory response

60
Q

the compensatory response results in

A

the controlled variable to be restored to normal

61
Q

the negative feedback shuts off the system that was responsible for

A

bringing about the response

62
Q

the negative feedback system relieves

A

the deviation in the controlled variable

63
Q

Explain the seven steps involved in the general negative feedback loop

A
  1. deviation in controlled variable detected by
  2. sensor which informs the
  3. integrator which sends instructions to
  4. the effector(s) which brings about a
  5. compensatory response resulting in the
  6. controlled variable being restored to normal
  7. the negative feedback shuts off system responsible for the response and relieves the deviation in the controlled variable
64
Q

Sometimes the body temperature falls below a set point, what is this detected by?

A

Temperature monitoring nerve cells

65
Q

The temperature monitoring nerve cells inform

A

The temperature control center

66
Q

The temperature control centre sends instructions to

A

the skeletal muscles and other effectors

67
Q

the effectors bring about

A

an increased heat production through shivering and other means

68
Q

An increasing in shivering results in an

A

increase in body temperature

69
Q

Why is positive feedback in the body rare

A

because the major goal of the body is to maintain stable homeostatic conditions

70
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

With positive feedback, the output enhances or amplifies a change so that the controlled variable continues to move in the direction of the initial change

71
Q

Give an example of positive feedback in the human body

A

Paturation AKA CHILDBIRTH

72
Q

During childbirth, the fetus changes position which puts

A

pressure on the cervix

73
Q

the pressure on the cervix during childbirth sends impulses to the

A

brain

74
Q

The detection of impulses by the brain during childbirth cause

A

oxytocin to be released

75
Q

when oxytocin is released the uterus

A

contracts

76
Q

An increased contraction in the uterus

A

causes more pressure on the cervix

77
Q

More pressure on the cervix as a result of contractions are detected by

A

stretch sensitive cells

78
Q

Stretch sensitive cells detecting more contractions results in

A

more oxytocin being released and stronger uterine contractions

79
Q

When does the positive feedback loop in parturition stop?

A

When the fetus is expelled there is no more stimulus on the stretch sensitive cells and therefore the loop is broken due to the stimulus being removed

80
Q

According to the first law of thermodynamics…

A

energy can neither be created or destroyed. energy input is equal to energy output

81
Q

What is the energy input?

A

The energy ingested in food constitutes energy input to the body

82
Q

What happens to ingested food?

A

Energy is harnessed and used for biological work or stored

83
Q

What are two categories of energy output?

A

external work and internal work

84
Q

What is external work

A

energy expended by skeletal muscles - moving external objects

85
Q

What is internal work

A

all other forms of biological energy expenditure

86
Q

Give two examples of internal work

A

Skeletal muscle activity - posture and shivering

energy expending activities required to sustain life - pumping blood

87
Q

most food energy is converted to

A

heat

88
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which energy is expended by the body during both external and internal work is known as the metabolic rate

89
Q

Most of the body’s energy expenditure eventually appears as

A

heat

90
Q

What is the metabolic rate experessed as?

A

heat production per hour (kcal/hr)

91
Q

list seven factors that influence metabolic rate

A 
- muscular activity
food intake
shivering
anxiety
fasting an malnutrition
fever
hormones
92
Q

What is a factor that decreases the metabolic rate

A

fasting and malnutrition as the body is trying to conserve the energy

93
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate

A

an index of metabolism under standardised conditions - minimal waking rate of internal energy expenditure

94
Q

What are the standardised basal conditions?

A 
awake
relaxed and rested for at least 30 mins
physically and mentally relaxed and rested
supine - lying down
warm - 20-25 degrees
fasting for 8/12 hours
95
Q

what is the BMR for most people

A

20-25 kcal per body weight a day

96
Q

How can the BMR be measured?

A

measured by direct or indirect calorimetry

97
Q

indirect calorimetry is practical and less

A

costly

98
Q

what is measured in indirect calorimetry?

A

The o2 uptake per unit of time

99
Q

How do BMR measurements work?

A

They are based on the fact that there is a direct relationship between oxygen consumed and heat produced

100
Q

Why must an energy equivalent value for complete oxidation of food be calculated when using BMR measurements?

A

Because different types of food use different amounts of oxygen to produce the energy

101
Q

Does age increase or decrease BMR?

A

Decreases BMR, the bmr is high in children and lowers with age

102
Q

Which gender has a lower BMR

A

females

103
Q

The bmr is higher or lower in obese people?

A

Higher

104
Q

Taller people have a ____ bmr

A

higher

105
Q

sleep increases or decreases bmr?

A

decreases

106
Q

As thyroid hormone increases, the BMR

A

increases

Biomedical Physiology (19 decks)

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