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GI Week 2 > Micro Upper GI Zimmer > Flashcards

Micro Upper GI Zimmer Flashcards

1
Q

What does microbiome usually refer to?

A

Normal flora in large intestine

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2
Q

Infectious diseases that cause tooth to decay

A

Caries

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3
Q

Risk factors for caries:

A 
High-sugar diet
Poor oral hygiene
Reduced saliva
Smoking
Periodontal disease (related diseases of surrounding gums)
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4
Q

What mechanism of microbes causes damage and significant illness?

A

GROWTH AND SPREAD of microbes!

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5
Q

Tx for dental carries?

A

Drill out decayed area of tooth and put in a filling

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6
Q

Periodontitis

A

Infection of underlying tissues and bones

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7
Q

What is the mechanism that causes illness in gingivitis and periodontitis?

A

HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE to microbe

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8
Q

Gingivitis

A

Infectious disease destroying supporting structres of teeth

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9
Q

What is essential for microbes to produce to cause dental disease?

A

BIOFILM

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10
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

2 or more species of bacterial micro-colonies that are enclosed in a glycocalyx

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11
Q 
What general class of organisms predominate in the mouth?
Aerobes or anaerobes
A

ANAEROBES!

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12
Q

How do species of oral streptococci play a role in protecting against dental carries and periodontitis?

A

Producing Hydrogen peroxide which inhibits growth of other oral bacteria

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13
Q

Is S. mitis pathogenic or non-pathogenic?

A

NON-Pathogenic

*Common in test questions

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14
Q

Are the bugs that cause caries usually gram + or -?

A

Gram +

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15
Q

Are microbes that cause periodontal disease in the subgingival space usually gram + or gram -?

A

Gram -

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16
Q

What strep species is often involved in caries?

A

Strep mutans

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17
Q

Virulence factor

A

*Broader than “toxin”
*Include bacterial toxins under the umbrella
Properties enabling a microorganism to establish itself on or within a host and enhance its potential to cause disease

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18
Q

Toxins

A

Promote infection and disease by directly damaging host tissues and by disabling the immune system

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19
Q

What are the virulence factors of Strep Mutans?

A

Adhesin-like surface-associated proteins that are capable of binding to receptors in the pellicle (Ex. AgI/II family)

Extracellular glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) are constituents of the pellicle and are capable of synthesizing glucans (a type of polysaccharide) from sucrose. Glucans provide additional S. mutans binding sites, as it binds avidly and in large numbers to these polymers.

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20
Q

Porphyromonas gingivalis

Gram + or -?

Baccilus or cocci?

Aerobe or anaerobe?

Appearance on blood agar plates?

Bacitracin sensitive or resistant?

A

A “keystone pathogen”–well studied because it can be cultured.

Remodels a normally symbiotic microbiota into a dysbiotic state

Gram - Bacillus

Black-pigmented colonies

Bacitracin resistant

“It’s kind of like you have one bad guy come in and there goes the neighborhood.” “Things just aren’t what they used to be.”

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21
Q

How does consuming less sugar in the diet help prevent caries and periodontal disease?

A

Less chance of existing biofilm becoming more pathogenic

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22
Q

Why is fluoride important?

A

Inhibits bacterial glycolysis and pH maintenance enzymes

Remineralization to counteract the effects of demineralization under low pH conditions

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23
Q

Is gingivitis reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible

24
Q

What is the link between Diabetes and Periodontal disease?

A

Risk of periodontitis is up to 3-fold if you are diabetic

When you do have periodontal disease…it has a negative impact on glycemic control

*They make each other worse but what is the link that connects them!?
If you are diabetic, you have elevated levels of inflammatory markers…so when you have a microbial bacterial infection in your mouth, your inflammatory response is going to be more robust than it would normally be!Even if you have a small level of bacteria you will have gingivitis if you are diabetic

25
Q

Virus that causes Hairy Leukoplakia

A

EBV

26
Q

What is Ludwig’s angina?

A

Skin infection on floor of mouth…usually results from untx dental infections.
Swelling of infected area may block the airway or prevent swallowing of saliva!
*Redness of the neck is hallmark
Other sx: Fever, breathing difficulty, neck swelling, neck pain

27
Q

What bacteria can be responsible for Ludwig’s angina?

A

Alpha-hemolytic streptococci
Staph
Bacteroides

28
Q

Thrush location?

A

Tongue and inner cheeks

29
Q

What location of candidiasis is super dangerous?

A

Esophageal

30
Q

Most common tx for Candidiasis?

A

Nystatin (swish and swallow)

Clotrimazole lozenge

31
Q

What do you use to treat unresponsive cases of candidiasis?

A

Systemic Fluconazole

32
Q

Worst case tx of candidiasis?

A

IV administration of Amphotericin B

33
Q

Pseudomembrane that is gray and solid in the back of the throat makes you think??

A

C. diptheriae

34
Q

Is Leukoplakia caused by a microorganism?

A

NOOO

Thought to be caused by smoking and chewing tobacco or other irritations

35
Q

EBV (HHV-4) virus properties

A

Double stranded DNA
Linear
Enveloped

36
Q

H. pylori properties

A 
Gram -
Flagellated helix-shaped rod (spirilli)
Microaerophilic
Catalase and oxidase +
Urease +
37
Q

Risk of H. pylori-positive patients developing ulcer disease?

A

10 -20 %

38
Q

Risk of H.pylori-positive patients developing distal gastric cancer?

A

1-2 %

39
Q

Main way that H. pylori results in disease (gastritis and peptic ulcer)

A

Host-immune response

*Also some involvement in toxin production

40
Q

How does H pylori evade the immune system?

A

Inhibits phagocytic uptake
Inhibits adaptive immune response
Evades killing by ROS and NO
Evades Recognition by Pattern Recognition receptors

41
Q

What does urease do for H pylori?

A

Raises local pH…the creation of ammonia is what raises the pH.
It creates a better environment for H pylori to live!

42
Q

What does H pylori use flagella for?

A

Allows it to get through the low pH layer of mucus and down into a higher pH immediately atop epithelial cells where it can survive

43
Q

How does H pylori use adherence to its advantage?

A

Allows some cells to avoid mechanical clearance

Promote invasion and persistence

Adhesions contribute to inflammation

44
Q

What is VacA?

A

Pore forming cytotoxin of H pylori that allows leakage of Ca+ from epithelial cells

45
Q

What is CagA?

A

Type 4 secretion system (TFSS) is a needle through which CagA travels into host cytosol and affects the proliferative activities, adhesion, and cytoskeletal organization of epithelial cells.

It is HIGHLY PROINFLAMMATORY. CagA is now known to interact with at least 10 host proteins.

46
Q

How does H pylori cause an ulcer?

A

Attracts inflammatory cells so the host damages itself by continual ineffective immune response

47
Q

Gold standard test for H pylori

A

Endoscopy to biopsy

48
Q

Tx for H pylori

A

Antibiotics (clarithromycin, amoxicillin)

PPI

49
Q

What does the Breath Test for H pylori detect?

A

Radioactive CO2

50
Q

What does the blood test for H pylori detect?

A

Antibodies for H pylori

*useful for initial dx only, not useful for confirming cure

51
Q

Stool antigen test for H pylori

A

Easy
Good for Dx
Good for confirming cure

*It is a DIRECT ANTIGEN TEST: so it can differentiate between active and latent infection whereas serology only detects exposure

52
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the stomach caused by H pylori

Tumors of B cells

53
Q

What 2 cancers are H pylori associated with?

A

MALT

Gastric Carcinoma

54
Q

How is H pylori associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma?

A

REDUCED RISK

55
Q

Properties of diptheriae?

A

Gram + Rod

GI Week 2 (11 decks)

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