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PARA > SA Hookworms and Filarial Nematodes > Flashcards

SA Hookworms and Filarial Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Name two species of hookworm in dogs.

A

Uncernaria stenocephala, Ancylostoma caninum

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2
Q

Name two species of human hookworm.

A

A. duodenale, A. americana

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3
Q

Bunostomum is a hookworm of which species?

A

Sheep and cattle in the tropics

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4
Q

Describe the morphology of Uncinaria stenocephala.

A
  • 1 cm long
  • Hooked appearance
  • Large buccal cavity
  • Two cutting plates
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5
Q

Foxes are an example of what type of host of Uncinaria stenocephala?

Where in the canine body would U. stenocephala?

A

Reservoir host

Small intestine where they feed on blood and mucosa

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6
Q

Outline the methods of infection of U. stenocephala.

A
  1. Ingestion of L3
  2. Percutaneous infection
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7
Q

What is the PPP of U. stenocephala?

A

15 days

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8
Q

True or False.

U. Stenocephala are capable of migrating.

A

True, they migrate to distant tissue such as fat or skeletal muscle.

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9
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Uncinaria Stenocephala?

A
  • Not highly pathogenic
  • Anaemia
  • Wt loss
  • Diarrhoea
  • Pedal dermatitis with repeat percutaneous infection
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10
Q

How can Uncinaria stenocephala infection be treated and controlled?

A
  • Anthelmintics - BZ, PYR, MOX
  • Dry conditions
  • Concrete rather than earth runs
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11
Q

Which countries can Ancytostoma caninum be found in?

A

Tropics

Subtropics

USA

Ocassionally UK

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12
Q

Outline the migratory routes of Ancylostoma caninum when dogs are infected:

  1. Percutaneously
  2. Ingested
A
  1. Percutaneously - L3 reach the blood stream and travel to the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed
  2. Ingestion - penetrate the buccal mucosa and migrate to the lungs
    1. Migrate to the mammary glands when bitch is lactating (TMT)
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13
Q

How much blood is Ancylostoma caninum capable of consuming per day?

A

0.1mls blood per day per worm

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14
Q

Outline the clinical signs associated with Anocylostoma caninum.

A
  • Severe acute anaemia which may occur in the prepatent period
  • Chronic anaemia that results in depletion of iron reserves, especially in older puppies.
  • Poor growth and body condition.
  • Dermatitis
  • Lethargic
  • May have bloody/ mucous diarrhoea
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15
Q

Outline the key features of the order Spirurida.

A
  • Generally large (2-50cm)
  • Eggs larvate in utero or L1 are born live
  • Invertebrates are intermediate hosts
  • Adults parasitize GI tract and other tissues
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16
Q

Name the main filarial nematode species.

A
  • Dirofilaria
  • Onchocerca
  • Brugia
  • Wuchereria Bancrofti
17
Q

Heartworm

A

Dirofilaria immitis

18
Q

In which areas of the world is D. immitis considered endemic?

A
  • Iberian Peninsula
  • France
  • Italy
  • Eastern Europe
  • (3 cases have been reported in the UK)
19
Q

Name the vector which transmits Dirofilaria immitis.

A
  • Mosquito
    • Culicine
    • Anophenline
20
Q

Outline the lifecycle of Dirofilaria immitis.

A
  1. Adult worms in pulmonary arteries or right ventricle of the heart
  2. Microfilariae (L1) in the blood after 6-9 months
  3. Dog is bitten by mosquito which ingests L1
  4. L1 moult to L3
  5. Infective L3 innoculate the dog when it is bitten by the mosquito
  6. 3-4 days: Moults to L4 migrates to abdomen
  7. 2 months: Moults to L5 penetrates jugular
21
Q

How big would juvenile Dirofilaria immitis be compared to adult females and males?

A
  1. Juvenile - 2-4cm
  2. Adults
    1. Female - 30cm
    2. Male - 20cm
22
Q

Where in the body are adults Dirofilaria immitis found?

A

Pulmonary arteries

Right ventricles in heavy infections

23
Q

Which other species have Dirofilaria immitis been found in?

What clinical signs/ changes to the lifecycle are identified in these species?

A
  1. Humans
    1. Usually asymptomatic
    2. Pneumonitis - coin lesions on chest radiogram (granuloma around dead/dying worm)
    3. Usually never microfilaraemic
  2. Cats and ferrets
    1. Low worm burdens (1-3 adults)
    2. Adult worms are stunted
    3. Amicrofilaraemic/ transient microfilaraemia
24
Q

Describe the clinical signs associated with Dirofilaria immitis in dogs and cats.

A

Dog

  1. Chronic exercise intolerence
  2. Chronic cough, dyspnoea, lipothymia
  3. Right sided CHF - ascities, anorexia, death (respiratory distress and cachexia)
  4. Acute caval syndrome - IV haemolysis and haemoglobinuria

Cat

  1. GI/ neuro signs alongside pulmonary signs
  2. Sudden death more common than in dogs
25
Q

Describe the modified Knott test. What is it used for?

A

Haemolysis, centrifugation and staining with methylene blue before direct examination and identification of microfilariae

Used for diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis

26
Q

How is Dirofilaria immitis dignosed?

A
  • Knott test
  • Immunoassays for adult worm ag/ab
  • Radiography
  • Echocardiography
27
Q

Where would you find adult Dirofilaria repens?

A

Subcutaneous nodular swellings

28
Q

How can D. immitis and D.repens be differentiated?

A

Repens - larger

Morphology

Staining with acid phosphatase

29
Q

How can Dirofilaria infection be prevented and treated?

A
  1. Prophylaxis - MLs monthly prevents larval development but x adulticidal
    1. Usually given year round
    2. IVM given at low doses (selamectin/ milbemycin also)
  2. Treatment
    1. Melarsomine (only approved)
    2. Restricted exercise for 30-40days
    3. ​Doxycycline (long dose) and IVM - macrofilaricidal treatment
    4. Risk of thromboembolism

PARA (16 decks)

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