Chapter 1: Introduction

Question 1

accessibility universal

Answer 1

a cognitive tool that exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problem in all cultures, and is accessible to the same degree across cultures (example: social facilitation)

Question 2

functional universal

Answer 2

a cognitive tool that exists in multiple cultures, is used to solve the same problem across cultures, but is more accessible to people from some cultures as opposed to others (example: costly punishment)

Question 3

existential universal

Answer 3

a cognitive tool that exists in multiple cultures, although it is not sued to solve the same problem across those cultures nor is it equally accessible across those cultures (example: motivational responses to failure and success)

Question 4

nonuniversal

Answer 4

a cognitive tools that do not exist in all cultures (example: abacus)

Question 5

ethnocentrism

Answer 5

the practice of judging people from other cultures by the standards of our own culture

Question 6

Russian cultural-historical school

Answer 6

school of thought that argued that people interact with their environments through tools or human-made ideas that have been passed to them across history.