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Blood & Lymph > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tregs produce _________ and __________

A

TGFbeta, IL-10

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2
Q

Examples of cytokines

A

IL-1, TNFalpha, IL-12

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3
Q

Examples of lymphokines

A

INFgamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10

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4
Q

What is a mitogen?

A

a lectin that binds to T cells and stimulates mitosis

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5
Q

Jaundice is indicative of what type of anemia?

A

destruction anemia

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6
Q

Components of a CBC from someone who is iron deficient

A
  • microcytic
  • decreased RBC
  • small RBCs
  • inappropriately low retic count
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7
Q

In pernicious anemia, _________ cells stop producing ____, leading to severe ____________ anemia and hypersegmented neutrophils

A

parietal, IF, macrocytic

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8
Q

Components of a CBC from someone with hereditary spherocytosis

A
  • decreased RBC, Hb, Hct
  • increased RDW, retic count, bilirubin
  • loss of central pallor
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9
Q

Components of a CBC from someone with acquired hemolysis

A
  • huge retic count (destruction issue)
  • cells variety of sizes
  • loss of central pallor
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10
Q

HLA-A and HLA-B associate with class __ MHC and HLA-D associated with class __ MHC

A 
A,B: class I
D: class II
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11
Q

CTLs require ____ in addition to foreign MHC antigens of class I to be activated

A

IL-2

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12
Q

Lymphocytes enter the node in the _________ space and leave via the ____________ vessel

A

subscapular, efferent lymphatic

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13
Q

The high endothelial venule is the site of ____________ of lymphocytes from blood into the lymphatic space of the node

A

recognition and diapedesis

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14
Q

Reticuloendothelial cells are found in the ____________

A

thymus (secrete cytokines)

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15
Q

Unencapsulated lymphoid cells and their associated cells/macrophages are components of _____________

A

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

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16
Q

Calculate MCHC

A

MCHC = Hb/Hct

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17
Q

symptoms of Fe-deficiency anemia

A

shortness of breath, fatigue, angina, pallor, rapid heart rate, dizziness, claudication (cramping leg pain) from exercise

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18
Q

signs of Fe-deficiency anemia

A

tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, pallor

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19
Q

lab findings of Fe-deficiency anemia

A
  • decreased Hb, Hct
  • decreased reticulocyte count
  • microcytosis
  • hypochromic
  • increased RDW
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20
Q

Lead intoxication has decreased ___________ synthesis

A

protoporphyrin (and Hb)

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21
Q

Renal insufficiency has decreased __________ synthesis

A

erythropoietin (and Hb)

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22
Q

Changes in peripheral blood of a patient with B12 or folate deficiency

A
  • megaloblastic changes (large, immature nuclei)
  • erythroid hyperplasia
  • macrocytic
  • increased MCV
  • low retic count
  • increased unconguated bilirubin
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23
Q

What test is used for B12/folate deficiency?

A

Schilling test

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24
Q

CBC for sickle cell

A
  • chronic anemia
  • increased retic count
  • low Hb
  • MCVs are normal size
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25
Q

CBC for chronic hemolytic anemia

A
  • increased retic count
  • increased WBC and platelet counts
  • increased RDW
  • increased bilirubin
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26
Q

clinical findings for hereditary spherocytosis

A
  • moderate anemia
  • jaundice
  • splenomegaly (remove spleen!)
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27
Q

CBC findings for hereditary spherocytosis

A
  • increased retic count, MCHC
  • microspherocytes
  • unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
  • increased osmotic fragility
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28
Q

Particles only leave blood vessels if perfused in (lymph node/spleen/tonsils/thymus)

A

spleen

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29
Q

_____________ presents with normal ferritin, normal RBC, and decreased MCV

A

thalassemia

30
Q

peripheral smear of thalassemia shows ____________

A

target cells

31
Q

peripheral smear of iron deficiency shows __________

A

loss of central pallor (“cheerio” RBCs)

32
Q

Anemia of chronic disease has _____________ hepcidin and ________ ferritin

A

increased, normal

33
Q

____________ presents with numbness and tingling in fingers and toes and autoimmunity

A

pernicious anemia

34
Q

peripheral smear of pernicious anemia

A
  • Howell Jolly bodies
  • macrocytic RBCs
  • hypersegmented neutrophils
  • basophillic stippling
35
Q

A boy with increased oxidative stress and who has eaten fava beans could have ___________

A

G6PD

36
Q

_____________ shows loss of central pallor on peripheral smear

A

autoimmune hemolytic anemia

37
Q

What surface marker is on B cells to distinguish them from T cells?

A

CD20

38
Q

What lymphokines do Tregs secrete?

A

IL-10, TGFb

39
Q

PHA stimulates ___ cells to divide, concanavalin stimulates ___ cells to divide, and pokeweed stimulates ____ cells to divide. All three are ___________

A

T cells, T cells, T and B cells, mitogens

40
Q

A mintogen binds to ________, which controls signal transduction from antigen-binding chains

A

CD3 domain

41
Q

Class II MHCs are on the surface of __________ and class I MHCs are on the surface of __________

A

DCs, B cells; all cells

42
Q

What is a significant finding in the peripheral smear of someone with pernicious anemia?

A

hypersegmented neutrophils, Howell Jolly bodies, basophilic stippling

43
Q

Class __ MHCs present extracellular peptide and class ___ MHCs present cytosolic peptides

A

class II, class I

44
Q

The peripheral smear of a thalassemia shows _____________

A

target cells

45
Q

________ cells of the thymus protect against exposure to foreign antigens

A

stromal

46
Q

What do Hassall’s corpuscles do?

A

instruct DCs to induce CD4/CD25 regulatory T cells in the thymus

47
Q

Decreased EPO leads to _________ Hb and increased EPO leads to _________ oxygen-carrying capacity

A

decreased, increased

48
Q

Anemia of chronic disease has _________ Fe stores, ________ ferritin, __________ serum Fe, __________ TIBC, and ___________ transferrin saturation

A
  • normal
  • increased
  • decreased
  • decreased
  • decreased
49
Q

T/F: platelet count varies with age but not gender

A

false: platelet count doesn’t vary

50
Q

What other autoimmune diseases are seen in patients with pernicious anemia?

A

myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis

51
Q

What are some clinical findings of autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A

pallor, jaundice, dark urine

52
Q

With cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, bilirubin (is/is not) present in urine

A

is

53
Q

Which Ig prevents infections from reaching the bloodstream?

A

IgA

54
Q

What type of vaccine produces the longest lasting immunity?

A

live virus vaccine

55
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine?

A

couple carbohydrate epitope (T-independent) to protein carrier to which a Tfh cell can respond (class switches)

56
Q

A monocyte spends ____ days in marrow and ____ days in intravascular compartments

A

7 days, 3-5 days

57
Q

A neutrophil ____ days in marrow/storage and ____ in peripheral tissues

A

10-14 days, 6 hours

58
Q

Calculate absolute neutrophil count

A

(%bands + segs x total blood count)

59
Q

What is the most common type of neutropenia?

A

infection-associated

60
Q

What is a “left shift”?

A

changes in normal WBC differential characterized by increased neutrophils (segs and bands)

61
Q

Neutrophilia is characterized by an ANC of ________ and is commonly seen in ___________

A

> 7,500 cells/uL (age related), infection

62
Q

Eosinophilia is characterized by an absolute eosinophil count greater than ____________ and is commonly seen in ___________

A

350/uL; allergy, asthma, atopic disease

63
Q

Monocytosis is characterized by an absolute monocyte count greater than __________ and is commonly seen in ____________

A

1,000 in babies and 500 in adults; chronic inflammation (i.e.: TB)

64
Q

(Lymph node/thymus/spleen) is the only lymphoid organ that lacks reticular fibers

A

thymus

65
Q

Antibodies of ____ get secreted across the mucosal epithelia (MALT)

A

IgA

66
Q

Blood is presented to the thymus via the __________(2) arteries

A
  • internal thoracic

- inferior thyroid

67
Q

____________ veins drain red pulp in the spleen

A

trabecular

68
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency has a defect in _______, resulting in loss of ___________

A

CD18, adherence

69
Q

Granule defects have a defect in __________ and result in decreased __________

A

transcription factor CEBPe, chemotaxis

70
Q

Myeloperoxidase deficiency leads to a defect in _____________, which results in impaired ability to kill bacteria

A

post-translational protein processing

71
Q

Chediak-Higashi syndrome results in an accumulation of _____________, which impairs _____________

A

giant granules in all leukocytes, movement

72
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease has abnormalities in ___________ components, which leads to an absence of _____________

A

oxidase; respiratory burst, ROS production

Blood & Lymph (3 decks)

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