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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE or FALSE: blood is the only fluid tissue in the human body.

A

TRUE

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2
Q

What kind of TISSUE is BLOOD?

A

Connective

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3
Q

What are the TWO (2) COMPONENTS of BLOOD?

A
  1. Living Cells

2. Nonliving Matrix

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4
Q

What is the LIVING CELLS component of blood CALLED?

A

Formed Elements

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5
Q

What is the NONLIVING MATRIX component of blood CALLED?

A

Plasma

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6
Q

What THREE (3) things happen when BLOOD is CENTRIFUGED?

A
  1. Erythrocytes sink to the bottom
  2. Buffy coat is in the middle
  3. Plasma rises to the top
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7
Q

ERYTHROCYTES make up what % of the blood?

A

45%

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8
Q

The BUFFY COAT makes up what % of blood?

A

Less than 1%

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9
Q

PLASMA makes up what % of blood?

A

55%

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10
Q

This is the THIN, WHITISH layer BETWEEN the ERYTHROCYTES and the PLASMA.

A

Buffy Coat

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11
Q

The 45% of blood that contains ERYTHROCYTES is known as the ______________.

A

Hematocrit

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12
Q

FORMED ELEMENTS are made up of what THREE (3) things?

A

**SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 5*

  1. Platelets (4.8%)
  2. Red Blood Cells (95.1%)
  3. White Blood Cells (0.1%)
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13
Q

What are the FIVE (5) types of WHITE BLOOD CELLS?

A

SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 5

  1. Neutrophils (54-62%)
  2. Lymphocytes (25-33%)
  3. Monocytes (3-9%)
  4. Eosinophils (1-3%)
  5. Basophils (
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14
Q

What SIX (6) things make up the PLASMA in the blood?

A

SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 5

  1. Electrolytes
  2. Water (92%)
  3. Proteins (7%)
  4. Wastes
  5. Nutrients (including vitamins & hormones)
  6. Gases
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15
Q

What THREE (3) specific type of PROTEINS make up the PLASMA in the blood?

A

SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 5

  1. Albumins (60% of plasma pro.)
  2. Globulins (36% of p.p)
  3. Fibrinogen (4% of p.p)
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16
Q

What THREE (3) GASES make up the PLASMA in the blood?

A

SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 5

  1. Nitrogen
  2. Oxygen
  3. Carbon Dioxide
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17
Q

What are the THREE (3) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of WATER in the plasma?

A
  1. 90% of plasma volume
  2. Solvent for carrying substances
  3. Absorbs heat
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18
Q

What are the SIX (6) ELECTROLYTES found in the blood?

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Potassium
  3. Calcium
  4. Magnesium
  5. Chloride
  6. Bicarbonate
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19
Q

What are the THREE (3) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the ELECTROLYTES in the plasma?

A
  1. Osmotic Balance
  2. pH Buffering
  3. Regulation of Membrane Permeability
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20
Q

What are the FIVE (5) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the PLASMAS PROTEINS?

A
  1. Osmotic Balance
  2. pH Buffering
  3. Blood Clotting
  4. Defense
  5. Lipid Transport
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21
Q

What are the TWO (2) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of ERYTHROCYTES?

A
  1. Transport Oxygen

2. Help Transport CO2

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22
Q

What is the MAJOR FUNCTION of LEUKOCYTES?

A

Defense and Immunity

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23
Q

What is the MAJOR FUNCTION of PLATELETS?

A

Blood Clotting

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24
Q

What COLOR is OXYGEN RICH blood?

A

Scarlet Red

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25
Q

What COLOR is OXYGEN POOR blood?

A

Dull Red

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26
Q

The pH of blood must remain between ____ and ____.

A

7.35 and 7.45

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27
Q

What is the TEMPERATURE of BLOOD?

A

100.4 degrees F

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28
Q

What is the BLOOD VOLUME of a healthy person?

A

5-6 liters (6 quarts)

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29
Q

BLOOD makes up what % of BODY WEIGHT?

A

8%

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30
Q

What are the THREE (3) FUNCTIONS of BLOOD?

A

SEE CH.17 ppt SLIDE 8

  1. Distribution
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
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31
Q

TRUE or FALSE: plasma proteins are the most scarce solutes in the plasma.

A

FALSE,

plasma proteins are the most ABUNDANT solutes in plasma

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32
Q

Most PLASMA PROTEINS are MADE BY THE __________.

A

Liver

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33
Q

BlOOD TRANSPORTS everything that must be carried from one place to another, such as these FOUR (4) things:

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Wastes
  3. Hormones
  4. Body heat
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34
Q

What are THREE (3) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the plasma protein ALBUMIN?

A
  1. Regulate Osmotic Pressure
  2. Transport Molecules
  3. Buffer
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35
Q

What are the THREE (3) types of GLOBULINS?

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Gamma
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36
Q

What THREE (3) things do ALPHA and BETA GLOBULINS TRANSPORT?

A
  1. Lipids
  2. Metal Ions
  3. Fat-soluble Vitamins
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37
Q

What role do GAMMA GLOBULINS play?

A

They contain antibodies

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38
Q

What is the MAJOR FUNCTION of the plasma protein FIBRINOGEN?

A

To help STEM BLOOD LOSS when a blood vessel is injured

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39
Q

This occurs when BLOOD pH becomes too ACIDIC.

A

Acidosis

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40
Q

This occurs when BLOOD pH becomes too BASIC.

A

Alkalosis

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41
Q

What TWO (2) ORGAN SYSTEMS help to RESTORE BLOOD pH?

A
  1. Respiratory System

2. Kidneys

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42
Q

How many ERYTHROCYTES per cubic millimeter of blood?

A

4-6 million (~5 million)

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43
Q

How many LEUKOCYTES per cubic millimeter of blood?

A

4,800 to 10,800

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44
Q

How many PLATELETS per cubic millimeter of blood?

A

250,000 to 400,000

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45
Q

Essentially ERYTHROCYTES are BAGS OF _____________.

A

Hemoglobin

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46
Q

TRUE or FALSE: erythrocytes are bioconcave disks.

A

TRUE

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47
Q

TRUE or FALSE: erythrocytes have a nucleus.

A

FALSE,

Erythrocytes are ANUCLEATE (no nucleus)

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48
Q

TRUE or FALSE: erythrocytes contain very few organelles.

A

TRUE

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49
Q

This FORMED ELEMENT is responsible for BLOOD VISCOSITY.

A

Erythrocytes

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50
Q

This IRON-CONTAINING PROTEIN in blood BINDS strongly but reversibly to OXYGEN.

A

Hemoglobin

51
Q

How many OXYGEN BINDING SITES does each HEMOGLOBIN molecule have?

A

4

52
Q

How many HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULES does each ERYTHROCYTE have?

A

250 million

53
Q

How many GRAMS of HEMOGLOBIN per 100mL of blood in NORMAL BLOOD?

A

12-18g

54
Q

This is the process of BLOOD CELL FORMATION.

A

Hematopoiesis

55
Q

HEMATOPOIESIS occurs in what kind of BONE MARROW?

A

Red Bone Marrow

56
Q

All RBCs are DERIVED from what common STEM CELL?

A

Hemocytoblast

57
Q

LYMPHOID STEM CELLS produce ___________.

A

Lymphocytes

58
Q

MYELOID STEM CELLS produce ____________.

A

All Other Formed Elements

59
Q

TRUE or FALSE: red blood cells can divide, grow and synthesize proteins.

A

FALSE,

Red blood cells are ANUCLEATE therefore they CANNOT divide, grown or synthesize protein

60
Q

RBCs wear out in ____ to ____ days.

A

100 to 120 days

61
Q

What happens to WARN OUT RBCs?

A

They are ELIMINATED by PHAGOCYTES in the SLPEEN or the LIVER

62
Q

The rate of RBC PRODUCTION is CONTROLLED by a hormone called __________.

A

Erythroprotein

63
Q

This condition occurs when there are TOO FEW RBCs.

A

Tissue Hypoxia

64
Q

This condition occurs when there are TOO MANY RBCs.

A

High Blood Viscosity

65
Q

It takes ____ days for a STEM CELL to BECOME a RETICULOCYTE.

A

15 days

66
Q

RETICULOCYTES count for what % of RBCs?

A

1-2%

67
Q

What THREE (3) NUTRIENTS does ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION depend on?

A
  1. Vitamin B12
  2. Folic Acid
  3. Iron
68
Q

This BLOOD DISORDER is a DECREASE in the OXYGEN-CARRYING ability of the BLOOD.

A

Anemia

69
Q

This type of ANEMIA is due to a B12 DEFICIENCY.

A

Pernicious Anemia

e.g. Lack of intrinsic factor

70
Q

This type of ANEMIA is due to damage of the BONE MARROW caused by RADIATION or CHEMICALS.

A

Aplastic Anemia

71
Q

This type of ANEMIA results from ABNORMALLY SHAPED HEMOGLOBIN.

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

72
Q

This BLOOD DISORDER is characterized by ABNORMAL GLOBIN or HEMOGLOBIN DEFICIENCY.

A

Thalassemia

73
Q

This BLOOD DISORDER results from an excessive or or ABNORMAL INCREASE of RBCs.

A

Polycythemia

74
Q

LEUKOCYTES move by ____________ motion.

A

Ameboid

75
Q

This condition occurs when WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT reaches ABOVE 11,000 cell per cubic millimeter.

A

Leukocytosis

76
Q

This condition occurs when BONE MARROW becomes CANCEROUS and turns out excess WBCs.

A

Leukemia

77
Q

This condition occurs when there is an abnormally LOW LEUKOCYTE level.

A

Leukopenia

78
Q

What are the TWO (2) types of LEUKOCYTES?

A
  1. Granulocytes

2. Agranulocytes

79
Q

What are TWO (2) CHARACTERISTICS of GRANULOCYTES?

A
  1. Granules in cytoplasm can be stained

2. Lobed Nuclei

80
Q

What are TWO (2) CHARACTERISTICS of AGRANULOCYTES?

A
  1. No visible cytoplasmic granules

2. Nuclei are spherical, oval or kidney shaped

81
Q

Which THREE (3) LEUKOCYTES are GRANULOCYTES?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils

**SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 39-41 for characteristics **

82
Q

Which TWO (2) LEUKOCYTES are AGRANULOCYTES

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes

SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDES 42 & 43 for characteristics

83
Q

This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that has a deep PURPLE NUCLEUS with 3-7 LOBES.

A

Neutrophil

84
Q

This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that functions as a PHAGOCYTE at active SITES of INFECTION.

A

Neutrophil

85
Q

This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that has a FIGURE 8 SHAPED BILOBED NUCLEUS.

A

Eosinophil

86
Q

This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that functions to KILL PARASITIC WORMS and plays a role in ALLERGY ATTACKS.

A

Eosinophil

87
Q

This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that had a U-SHAPED or S-SHAPED NUCLEUS.

A

Basophil

88
Q

This type of LEUKOCYTE is a GRANULOCYTE that contains the ANTICOAGULANT HEPARIN.

A

Basophils

89
Q

This type of LEUKOCYTE is an AGRANULOCYTE that has a large DARK PURPLE-BLUE NUCLEUS.

A

Lymphocyte

90
Q

These type of LYMPHOCYTES produce ANTIBODIES.

A

B Lymphocytes

91
Q

These type of LYMPHOCYTES are involved in GRAFT REJECTION and fighting tumors and viruses.

A

T Lymphocytes

92
Q

This type of LEUKOCYTE is an AGRANULOCYTE has a dark BLUE-PURPLE NUCLEUS that is often KIDNEY SHAPED.

A

Monocyte

93
Q

This type of LEUKOCYTE is an AGRANULOCYTE is the LARGEST of the WBCs and function as MACROPHAGES in tissue.

A

Monocyte

94
Q

These FORMED ELEMENTS are DERIVED from MULTINUCLEATE CELLS and are ESSENTIAL for CLOTTING.

A

Platelets

95
Q

PLATELETS last about ____ days.

A

10 days

96
Q

What FIVE (5) things do PLATELETS contain?

A
  1. Serotonin
  2. Calcium
  3. Enzymes
  4. ADP
  5. Platelet Derived Growth Factor
97
Q

TRUE or FALSE: thrombopoietin protein is made in the liver.

A

TRUE

98
Q

What are the THREE (3) PHASES of HEMOSTASIS?

A
  1. Vascular Spasms
  2. Platelet Plug Formation
  3. Coagulation
99
Q

VASCULAR SPASMS can strongly REDUCE BLOOD LOSS for how long?

A

20-30 minutes

100
Q

During PLATELET PLUG FORMATION this LARGE PLASMA PROTEIN stabilizes platelets by FORMING a BRIDGE between platelets and collagen.

A

Von Willebrand Factor

SEE CH. 17 ppt SLIDE 52

101
Q

During COAGULATION, prothrombin activator CONVERTS ___________ to __________.

A

Prothrombin to Thrombin

102
Q

During COAGULATION, THROMBIN CATALYZES __________ to __________.

A

Soluble FIBRINOGEN to Insoluble FIBRIN

103
Q

BLOOD usually CLOTS within ____ to ____ minutes.

A

3-6

104
Q

PLASMINOGEN is activated to __________ by tissue PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR.

A

Plasmin

105
Q

This is a CLOT in an UNBROKEN blood vessel that persists.

A

Thrombus

106
Q

This is a THROMBUS that BREAKS AWAY and floats freely in the blood stream.

A

Embolus

107
Q

TRUE or FALSE: vascular spasms are most effective in small vessels.

A

TRUE

108
Q

This BLEEDING DISORDER is caused by a PLATELET DEFICIENCY and characterized by small PURPLISH BLOTCHES on the skin.

A

Thrombocytopenia

109
Q

What THREE (3) CLOTTING FACTORS are missing in people with HEMOPHILIA?

A
  1. A-Factor VIII (77% of cases)
  2. B-Factor IX
  3. C-Factor XI (least serious)
110
Q

TRUE or FALSE: hemophilia is Y-linked.

A

FALSE,

Hemophilia is X-linked

111
Q

Loss of ____ to ____% of blood causes PALLOR and WEAKNESS.

A

15-30%

112
Q

Loss of over ____% of blood causes SHOCK.

A

Over 30%

113
Q

The SHELF LIFE of BLOOD for transfusions is at ____ degrees C for ____ days.

A

4 degrees C

35 Days

114
Q

These are substances in the blood that the body recognizes as FOREIGN and that the IMMUNE SYSTEM may ATTACK.

A

Antigens (AGGLUTINOGENS)

115
Q

These are the RECOGNIZERS in the blood.

A

Antibodies (AGGLUTININS)

116
Q

This is the process in which ANTIBODIES cause the blood with certain proteins to CLUMP.

A

Agglutination

117
Q

There are over ____ common RBC ANTIGENS.

A

30

118
Q

What causes the most vigorous TRANSFUSION REACTIONS?

A

ABO and Rh Blood Group Antigens

SEE CH.17 ppt SLIDE 64

119
Q

Which Rh BLOOD GROUP are most AMERICANS?

A

Rh+

120
Q

What PROBLEM can occur when Rh+ blood is MIXED with Rh- blood?

A

Hemolysis

Only during SECOND and SUBSEQUENT transfusions

121
Q

It can be DANGEROUS to a CHILD who INHERITS Rh+ factor ONLY when MOTHER is Rh ____ and the FATHER ____.

A

Mother = Rh-

Father = Rh+

122
Q

What can be given to a MOTHER during PREGNANCY to PREVENT buildup of ANTI-Rh+ ANTIBODIES?

A

RhoGAM Shot

123
Q

What will happen in the SECOND PREGNANCY of an Rh- MOTHER carrying an Rh+ baby?

A

HEMOLYSIS, immune system produce antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood.

A&P (7 decks)

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