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Oceanography > Plate Tectonics and Scientific Method > Flashcards

Plate Tectonics and Scientific Method Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major layers of the Earth’s interior?

A

Crust, Mantle, Outer core, Inner core

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2
Q

What is the upper 2 layer of the mantle called?

A

Lithosphere, astenosphere

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3
Q

What is the upper 2 layer of the mantle called?

A

Lithospher, astenospher

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4
Q

What is the depth of the continental curst?

A

0-65 km

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5
Q

What is the depth of the oceanic crust?

A

0-10 km

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6
Q

What is the depth of the mantle

A

45-2900 km

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7
Q

What is the depth of the outer core?

A

2900-5300 km

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8
Q

What is the depth of the inner core?

A

3500-6300 km

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9
Q

What is the density of the continental crust?

A

2.67 g/cm3

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10
Q

What is the density of the oceanic crust?

A

3.0 g/cm3

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11
Q

What is the density of the mantle?

A

4.5 g/cm3

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12
Q

What is the density of the outer core?

A

11.5 g/cm3

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13
Q

What is the density of the inner core?

A

13.0 g/cm3

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14
Q

What is the temperature of continental crust?

A
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15
Q

What is the temperature of the oceanic crust

A
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16
Q

What is the temperature of the mantle?

A

1100-5000 C

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17
Q

What is the temperature of the outer core?

A

5000-6000 C

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18
Q

What is the trend of the density

A

As closer to the center you get the denser it is due tot he heavier elements

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19
Q

What is the trend of the density

A

As closer to the center you get the denser it is due tot he heavier elements

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20
Q

What is the upper 2 layer of the mantle called?

A

Lithospher, astenospher

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21
Q

What is the depth of the continental curst?

A

0-65 km

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22
Q

What is the depth of the oceanic crust?

A

0-10 km

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23
Q

What is the depth of the mantle

A

45-2900 km

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24
Q

What is the depth of the outer core?

A

2900-5300 km

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25
Q

What is the depth of the inner core?

A

3500-6300 km

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26
Q

What is the density of the continental crust?

A

2.67 g/cm3

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27
Q

What is the density of the oceanic crust?

A

3.0 g/cm3

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28
Q

What is the inner core made of?

A

made of iron and nickel

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29
Q

What is the density of the outer core?

A

11.5 g/cm3

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30
Q

What is the density of the inner core?

A

13.0 g/cm3

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31
Q

What is the temperature of continental crust?

A
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32
Q

What is the temperature of the oceanic crust

A
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33
Q

What is the temperature of the mantle?

A

1100-5000 C

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34
Q

What is the temperature of the outer core?

A

5000-6000 C

35
Q

What is the temperature of the inner core?

A

6000-6600 C

36
Q

What is the trend of the density

A

As closer to the center you get the denser it is due tot he heavier elements

37
Q

What is the crust made of?

A

CC- magnesium and aluminum rich silicates

OC-magnesium and iron rich silicates

38
Q

What phase is the crust?

A

Solid

39
Q

What phase is the mantle

A

semi liquid/solid (plastic)

40
Q

What is the mantle made of

A

magnesium and iron rich silicates

41
Q

What is the upper layer of the mantle and how deep is it?

A

250 km and Asthenosphere

42
Q

What is isostasy?

A

the change in elevation of sections of the crust to balance pressure in upper mantle

43
Q

What do subduction/convergent zones create

A

Trenches

Often form volcanic mountain ranges (magma comes up through cracks)

44
Q

What phase is the inner core?

A

solid

45
Q

What is the outer core made of?

A

made of iron and nickel

46
Q

What is the inner core made of?

A

made of iron and nickel

47
Q

What does the composition of the inner core contribute

A

the magnetic field

48
Q

Describe the relationship between seismic waves and density

A

increase in seismic waves with increasing density

49
Q

S-waves travel through

A

solids, not liquids

50
Q

P waves travel through

A

liquids and solids

51
Q

P waves are

A

penetrating waves

52
Q

S waves are

A

shallow/ short waves

53
Q

What determines S and P waves

A

the depth and strength

54
Q

How is it hypothesized that the Earth is composed of iron and nickel

A

looked at planetary bodies (meteorites, asteroids, space rubble)

55
Q

The inner layers are (pressure and temperature)

A

very hot and high pressure (so high, rock can deform and flow)

56
Q

how many major plates are there

A

7 major and multiple smaller ones

57
Q

How long do plates last

A

for a very long time but they do change

58
Q

What did Alfred Wegener do

A

proposed that continents were moving

59
Q

How are/were major geological features formed

A

they were boundaries of earlier plates

60
Q

What are subduction/convergent zone

A

Where ONE plate is forced under another when 2 plates come together

61
Q

What do subduction/convergent zones create

A

Trenches

Often form volcanic mountain ranges (magma comes up through cracks)

62
Q

How does Plate tectonic theory relate to sea floor spreading

A

refinement of that hypothesis

  • crust is 7 rigid plates
  • new curst at mid ocean ridges
  • curst sinks at convergence zones
63
Q

What are transform faults?

A

Where plates slide horizontally past each other

64
Q

Hot spots create

A

islands chains which indicate movement direction of crust

65
Q

How does movement of plates happens

A

can happen over short periods, quick burst

can happen over long periods of time

66
Q

What does short burst of movement create

A

high seismic activity–> Earthquakes

67
Q

How does the mantle move?

A

In convection currents, hotter parts by outer core move up (heat rises) and cooler parts near crust sink creating a convection current

68
Q

How fast do plates move in a year

A

average 1-17 cm per year

69
Q

What does ridge steepness tell about speed of crusts

A

The steeper the ridge the slower the spreading (such as the mid-atlantic ridge compared to the East Pacific ridge)

70
Q

What is Observing

A

The gathering of data with out altering the system being explained

71
Q

What is an experiment

A

manipulation or control of system observed

72
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

No effect

73
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis

A

does affect

74
Q

What is a Hypothesis

A

an explanation for what is observed

75
Q

What did Sir Francis Bacon notice

A

continents fit together like puzzle peices

76
Q

What did Alfred Wegener do

A

proposed that continents were moving

77
Q

What is support for the theory of plate tectonics?

A

Puzzle pieces
Topographic and continental features match
Biological similarities and fossils

78
Q

What is the continental drift theory

A

plates moving but did not explain how

79
Q

What is Sea Floor Spreading

A

plates moving by motion of sea floor (convection of mantle)

80
Q

How does Plate tectonic theory relate to sea floor spreading

A

refinement of that hypothesis

-crust is 7 ridgid plates

81
Q

Evidence used to test plate tectonics

A
  • Mirror image patterns of magnetization
  • Orientation of magnetic minerals in rock
  • sediment thickness increases from ridge crest
  • radiometrically dated
  • magnetics and age indicate 200 million year old crust
  • seismic activity and vulcanism
82
Q

Hot spots create

A

islands chains which indicate movement direction of crust

83
Q

What are hydrothermal vents

A

hot sea water is emitted near the ridge crest

  • convection of seawater through hot volcanic rock
  • hot salt water dissolves metals creating the plumes
84
Q

What are ophiolites

A

section of ocean crust and lithified ocean sediment that have been uplifted onto land

Oceanography (8 decks)

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