Topic #2 - Tree of Life

Question 1

Classification prior to DNA Sequencing

Answer 1

Primarily morphologically - Things that looked alike were related.

Question 2

Phenetic or Phenotypic Classification

Answer 2

Classification using observable characteristics only.

Question 3

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryotes

Answer 3

The first division of classification.

Question 4

Prokaryotes

Answer 4

All are microbes. Nucleolus. No organelles. Circular chromosomes.

Question 5

Eukaryotes

Answer 5

Some are microbes. Have organelles - endosymbionts.

Question 6

Monera/Prokaryotae

Answer 6

All Prokaryotes

Question 7

Protista

Answer 7

Whittaker - Small eukaryotes (many unicellular)

Question 8

Fungi

Answer 8

Whittaker - Complex small eukaryotes - use ingestive nutrition

Question 9

Classification with DNA Sequencing

Answer 9

Phyletic/Phylogenetic Approach - Gene Comparisons

Question 10

Ribosomal RNA comparisons in DNA Sequencing

Answer 10

1st comparison: rRNA between 16S (in prokaryotes) & 18S (in eukaryotes).

Used b/c not many changes in rRNA so it’s easy to start here.

Question 11

3 Domains

Answer 11

(Eu)Bacteria - Prokaryotes
Archaea(bacteria) - “Ancient” Prokaryotes
Eukarya - Eukaryotes

Archaea & Eukarya are closer than Arch & Bacteria

Question 12

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 12

Carroleus Linnaeus - Genus then Species. E. Coli - abbreviate when obvious

Question 13

Cocci/Coccus

Answer 13

Round/Spherical

Question 14

Strepto- (coccus)

Answer 14

Chain of cells

Question 15

Diplo- (coccus)

Answer 15

Groupings of 2 cells

Question 16

Staphylo- (coccus)

Answer 16

Packets of cells; bunches of grapes - don’t divide on same plane each time

Question 17

Don’t Confuse Nomenclature & Biology

Answer 17

Streptococci in Streptococcus; not all in that genus doe. Be Careful.

Question 18

Bacili/Baccilus

Answer 18

Rod-Shaped

Question 19

Cocobacillus

Answer 19

Short, fat rods.

No fixed L:W ratio determining shape

Question 20

Vibrio

Answer 20

Curved rod; Comma shape

Question 21

Spirilla(-um)

Answer 21

Rigid spiral shape

Question 22

Spirochete

Answer 22

Flexible spiral shape

Question 23

Budding/Appendages

Answer 23

Stalks/Hypha

Question 24

Filamentous

Answer 24

Long, thin cells
OR
Chains of cells (not streptococcus)

Question 25

Pleiomorphic

Answer 25

Variable shape

Question 26

Bacterial Size

Answer 26

Around 1-2 micrometers - variable but smaller than eukaryotes

Question 27

Thiomargarita

Answer 27

A cell about 1mm long - can be seen by naked eye

Question 28

Why So Small?

Answer 28

Higher SA:V ratio. More exchanged outside of cell