A&P - Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Question 1

Proteins all contain which four elements?

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Question 2

All proteins are made up of building blocks called _____ ______.

Answer 2

amino acids

Question 3

Muscle tissue contains the proteins ______ and ______.

Answer 3

myosin and actin

Question 4

Amino acids contain which two important functional groups?

Answer 4

The amino group (can act as a base and accept protons) and the carboxyl group (can act as an acid and donate protons).

Question 5

Basic amino acid structure contains an amino group, carboxyl group, and R group. What does the R group do?

Answer 5

It is the variable group that makes each amino acid unique.

Question 6

Proteins are formed from amino acids by _______ _______.

Answer 6

dehydration synthesis

Question 7

Peptide bonds are ______ bonds.

Answer 7

covalent

Question 8

Primary structure

Answer 8

The linear sequence of amino acids in the chain.

Question 9

Secondary structure

Answer 9

Formed by coiling of the primary chain into an alpha helix (with hydrogen bonds maintaining the coiled structure) or a beta pleated sheet (hydrogen bonds hold primary polypeptide chains side by side in a heated structure like an accordion).

Question 10

Tertiary structure

Answer 10

Achieved when an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet folds in a three dimensional way to produce a globular molecule. The structure is maintained by both hydrogen and covalent bonds.

Question 11

Quaternary structure

Answer 11

Happens when two or more polypeptide chains aggregate in a regular manner to form a complex protein.

Question 12

The _______ of a protein determines its function. Anything that causes the protein to unfold will result in the protein being unable to perform its job.

Answer 12

shape

Question 13

Fibrous (structural) proteins

Answer 13

Most exhibit secondary structure only but some have quaternary structure as well. (collagen has quaternary structure) Examples include: collagen, keratin, actin, and myosin.

Question 14

Globular (functional) proteins

Answer 14

Tertiary structure; some with quaternary structure as well.

Question 15

Myoglobin stores ______ in muscle tissue.

Answer 15

oxygen

Question 16

Protein denaturation

Answer 16

The proteins unfold and lose their biological activity.

Question 17

Enzymes are _______ proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Answer 17

globular proteins

Question 18

Enzymes work by lowering the _________ ______ of a reaction.

Answer 18

activation energy

Question 19

Two types of nucleic acids include ___ and ___.

Answer 19

DNA and RNA

Question 20

There are 3 major types of RNA.

Answer 20

messenger, transfer, and ribosomal

Question 21

DNA is coiled like a spiral staircase or ladder, known as a _______ ______.

Answer 21

double helix

Question 22

The 2 “backbones” are composed of alternating _____ and ___________ groups.

Answer 22

sugar and phosphate

Question 23

Each “rung of the ladder is composed of 2 __________ bases hooked together by _____ bonds.

Answer 23

nitrogenous and hydrogen

Question 24

List the 3 components of nucleotides.

Answer 24

N-containing base
5-carbon sugar (a pentose)
Phosphate group

Question 25

Nucleoside

Answer 25

Consists of just a base plus a pentose sugar without the phosphate.

Question 26

Purines (2 rings)

Answer 26

Adenine and guanine

Question 27

Pyrimidines (1 ring)

Answer 27

Cytosine, uracil, and thymine

Question 28

Complementary bases

Answer 28

A bonds to T (U in RNA)

G bonds to C

Question 29

DNA polymerase III

Answer 29

Adds one nucleotide at a time to the 3’ end of the newly formed strand following base pairing rules.

Question 30

RNA

Answer 30

produced by using DNA as a guide.

Question 31

RNA polymerase

Answer 31

Synthesized RNA

Question 32

ATP

Answer 32

The energy currency used by the cell.