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Gross II Exam 4 > Female Internal Reproductive Organs > Flashcards

Female Internal Reproductive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the female internal reproductive organs?

A
  • ovary
  • uterine tube
  • uterus
  • vagina
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2
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

paired organs which produce oocytes after puberty and which also have an endocrine function

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3
Q

What hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • relaxin
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4
Q

Where is the ovary located?

A
  • on the posterior aspect of the broad ligament on the lateral wall of the true pelvis
  • lies within the ovarian fossa
  • ovary comes out of the fossa during pregnancy
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5
Q

What is the ovarian fossa bounded by?

A
  • obliterated umbilical artery (anteriorly)

- ureter and internal iliac vessels (posteriorly)

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6
Q

Is the ovary covered by peritoneum?

A

no

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7
Q

How does the oocyte leave the ovary?

A

it is expelled into the peritoneal cavity before entering the uterine tube

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8
Q

What is the ligament of ovary?

A

attaches the ovary to the body of the uterus

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9
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of ovary?

A

extends from the ovary to the pelvic brim and contains the ovarian vessels

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10
Q

What is the blood supply to the ovaries?

A
  • ovarian artery (from the abdominal aorta)

- ovarian branch of the uterine artery (from internal iliac artery)

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11
Q

What is the general blood supply to female internal reproductive organs?

A

In general, every structure gets two sources of blood:

  • from abdomen
  • from pelvic region
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12
Q

What is the innervation of the ovary?

A

ovarian plexus

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13
Q

Where are the uterine tubes?

A

extend from the peritoneal cavity near the ovary to the cavity of the uterus

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14
Q

What do the uterine tubes do?

A
  • transport oocytes from the ovary to the uterus through ciliary action and muscular contraction
  • the passage of the oocyte takes 3-4 days
  • they transport sperm in the opposite direction
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15
Q

What are the four parts of the uterine tube?

A
  • uterine part: the portion of the tube which lies inside the uterus
  • isthmus: the narrowest external part, nearest the uterus
  • ampulla: the longest and widest part of the uterine tube
  • infundibulum: the funnel-shaped portion nearest the ovary
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16
Q

What is the abdominal ostium?

A

the opening of the uterine tube near the ovary

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17
Q

Is the abdominal ostium connected to the ovary?

A

no; there is a gap between them

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18
Q

What are fimbriae?

A
  • fingerlike projections around the margin of the infundibulum
  • when an oocyte is discharged from the ovary, it is caught by the fimbriae and passes through the abdominal ostium
  • contain smooth muscle
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19
Q

What is the ovarian fimbria?

A

a long fimbria which is attached to the ovary

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20
Q

Where is the most common site of fertilization?

A

ampulla

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21
Q

Where is the second most common site of fertilization? What problems may result?

A
  • infundibulum

- could lead to an ectopic pregnancy

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22
Q

What is the blood supply to the uterine tube?

A
  • tubal branches of the uterine artery

- tubal branches of the ovarian artery

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23
Q

What is the innervation to the uterine tube?

A
  • ovarian plexus

- inferior hypogastric plexus

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24
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • the development of the fetus at some site other than the uterine cavity
  • the most common type is tubal ectopic pregnancy: development of the fetus in the uterine tube
  • usually results in rupture of the uterine tube with severe hemorrhage
  • tubal pregnancy usually results from inflammation or blockage of the uterine tube
  • risk factors:
    1. sexually transmitted diseases
    2. reversal of tubal ligation
    3. endometriosus
  • abdominal ectopic pregnancy: implantation in the rectouterine pouch
  • other types: mesenteric and cervical ectopic pregnancy
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25
Q

What is the uterus?

A

the organ in which the fertilized oocyte normally becomes embedded and in which fetal development takes place

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26
Q

What forms the birth canal?

A

the cavites of the uterus and vagina

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27
Q

What is the appearance of the uterus?

A

variable in shape, size, location, and structure depending on age and the number of pregnancies

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28
Q

What is the uterus like in the nulliparous woman (one with no children)?

A

the walls of the uterus are thick and muscular and the organ is shaped like an inverted pear

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29
Q

How does the uterus change after menopause?

A

increase in fibrous tissue and cysts

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30
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

both anteverted and anteflexed

31
Q

What is anteversion?

A

the lower end of the uterus forms approximately a right angle with the vagina

32
Q

What is retroversion?

A
  • opposite of anteversion
  • associated with:
    1. severe menstrual cramps
    2. painful parturition
    3. increased risk for uterine prolapse
33
Q

What is anteflexion?

A

the uterus is bent downward at the junction between its body and cervix

34
Q

What can change the position of the uterus?

A

fullness of the bladder

35
Q

What is the fundus of the uterus?

A

the rounded part of the uterus located superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

36
Q

What is the body of uterus?

A

the main part of the uterus located inferior to the fundus and superior to the isthmus

37
Q

What is the isthmus of uterus?

A
  • the narrow constricted portion between the body and cervix

- it is also called the internal os

38
Q

What is the cervix of uterus?

A
  • the inferior part of the uterus which extends from the isthmus to the opening in the vagina
  • consists of two parts:
    1. supravaginal part: the portion above the vagina
    2. vaginal part: the portion within the vagina
39
Q

What is the external os?

A

the opening of the cervical canal into the vagina

40
Q

What is the uterine cavity?

A
  • lies within the body of the uterus

- it is wide above and narrow below

41
Q

What is the cervical canal?

A

lies within the cervix and extends from the internal os to the external os

42
Q

Where does implantation usually occur in the uterus?

A

high on the posterior wall of the uterine cavity

43
Q

What is the vesicouterine pouch?

A
  • between the bladder and uterus

- relatively shallow

44
Q

What is the rectouterine pouch?

A
  • between rectum and uterus

- deep

45
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A
  • a double layer of peritoneum which extends from the uterus to the lateral walls of the pelvis
  • encloses the uterine tubes
  • has three parts:
    1. mesosalpinx
    2. mesovarium
    3. mesometrium
46
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A

the part of the broad ligament between the uterine tube and mesovarium

47
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A

the part of the broad ligament which extends posteriorly to attach to the ovary and ligament of the ovary

48
Q

What is the mesometrium?

A

the part of the broad ligament below the mesovarium

49
Q

What is the round ligament?

A
  • attaches to the uterus below and anterior to the entrance of the uterine tubes
  • it passes through the inguinal canal and terminates in the labia majora
  • analog of the spermatic cord; remnant of the gubernaculum of the ovary along with the ligament of the ovary
50
Q

What is the transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament?

A

a thickening of pelvic fascia which passes laterally from the cervix to merge with the upper fascia of the pelvic diaphragm

51
Q

What is the uterosacral ligament?

A

passes backward from the cervix in the rectouterine fold to attach to the sacrum

52
Q

What is the pubocervical ligament?

A

passes forward from the cervix lateral to the urethra to attach to the pubis

53
Q

What is important regarding the ureter in a hysterectomy?

A
  • the ureter is endangered

- if nicked, urine leaks out and produces inflammation of the pelvis

54
Q

Which structures give support to the uterus?

A
  • pelvic diaphragm
  • broad ligament
  • pelvic viscera (bladder)
  • pubocervical, transverse cervical, and uterosacral ligaments
55
Q

What is the blood supply to the uterus?

A
  • uterine artery

- ovarian artery

56
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the uterus?

A
  • lumbar nodes (fundus and upper part of body)
  • external iliac nodes (lower part of body)
  • internal iliac nodes (cervix): important in the spread of cervical cancer
57
Q

What is the innervation to the uterus?

A

uterovaginal plexus - primarily to the blood vessels

58
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A
  • female organ of copulation
  • lower portion of the birth canal
  • excretory duct for the products of menstruation
59
Q

How does the vagina communicate with the cervical canal?

A

through the external os

60
Q

How does the vagina communicate with the vestibule?

A

through the vaginal orifice

61
Q

What is the position of the vagina?

A
  • the fundus of the bladder and urethra lie anterior to it

- the rectum lies posterior to it

62
Q

What is a fornix?

A

the recess between the cervix and the walls of the vagina

63
Q

What are the parts of the fornix?

A
  • anterior fornix
  • two lateral fornices
  • posterior fornix
64
Q

What is the vaginal vault?

A

the superior, expanded portion of the vagina below the cervix

65
Q

What structures support the vagina?

A
  • levator ani
  • perineal body
  • perineal membrane
  • pubocervical, transverse cervical, and uterosacral ligaments
66
Q

What is the blood supply to the vagina?

A
  • uterine artery (to upper part)

- vaginal artery (to lower part)

67
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the vagina?

A
  • internal iliac nodes (upper 3/4 of vagina)

- superficial inguinal nodes (lower 1/4)

68
Q

What is the innervation of the vagina?

A
  • pudendal nerve (lowermost part)
  • uterovaginal plexus - autonomic
  • there is little sensation in the vagina except in the lowermost part
69
Q

What complications may result from damage to the vaginal walls, pelvic diaphragm, and ligaments during parturition?

A
  • rectocele
  • cystocele
  • uterine prolapse
70
Q

What is rectocele?

A
  • bulging of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina
  • may cause difficulty in defecation
71
Q

What is cystocele?

A
  • bulging of the bladder into the anterior wall of the vagina
  • may cause difficulty in micturition
72
Q

What is uterine prolapse?

A
  • the uterus slips down into the vagina and descends to and abnormally low level in the pelvis
  • the cervix may protrude externally through the vaginal orifice
  • risk factors:
    1. multiple births
    2. retroverted uterus
73
Q

What is the chiropractic note regarding the uterus?

A
  • pain from a retroverted uterus, inflammation of the uterine lining, or traction of a large uterus on the uterosacral ligament may cause sacral pain
  • severe menstrual cramps may be related to L1 or L2 subluxations

Gross II Exam 4 (22 decks)

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