Renal/Electrolyte

Question 1

Hematuria, abdominal mass, and flank pain are considered a triad for this condition

Answer 1

RCC

Question 2

This type of cast is associated with each illness: (1) ATN, (2) glomerulonephritis, (3) interstitial nephritis and pyelonephritis, (4) nephrotic syndrome, (5) chronic renal failure

Answer 2

1. muddy brown cast, 2. RBC, 3. WBC, 4. Fatty, 5.broad and waxy

Question 3

This is seen with an serum osmol greater than 290.

Answer 3

hyperglycemia and renal failure

Question 4

This is seen with a serum osmol less than 290 and urine osmol of less than 100.

Answer 4

primary polydipsia (schizophrenia) or malnutrition

Question 5

This is seen with serum osmol less than 290 and urine osmol of greater than 100 and urine Na greater than 25

Answer 5

SIADH, Adrenal insuff, hypothyroidism

Question 6

This is seen with serum osmol less than 290 and urine osmol of greater than 100 and urine Na less than 25.

Answer 6

volume depletion, CHF, cirrhosis

Question 7

Renovascular HTN should be suspected in these 6 situations

Answer 7

1) Eelvation in Cr greater than 30 after on ACE-I
2) Severe HTN with recurrent flash pulm edema
3) severe HTN with diffuse atheroscl
4) Severe HTN after age 55
5) HTN in asymmetric kidney size
6) abdominal bruit

Question 8

This is how you treat hyponatremia.

Answer 8

3% saline solution at 0.5 mEq/L/hr

Question 9

This is what happens when you rapidly correct hyponatremia.

Answer 9

Osmotic demyelination or central pontine myelinolysis (excess water moves by osmosis from intracell (neurons and glia) into the extracell area)

Question 10

This is what happens when you rapidly correct hypernatremia.

Answer 10

Cerebral edema (because water moves into cells)

Question 11

Angioedema involves This type of deficiency which leads to an elevated level of edema-producing factors C2b and this.

Answer 11

C1; bradykinin

Question 12

This formula is used to figure out respiratory compensation for metab alka.

Answer 12

PaCO2= (0.9 x bicarb) + 16 +/- 2

Question 13

This formula is used to figure out respiratory compensation for metab acid

Answer 13

PaCO2 = (1.5 x bicarb) + 8 +/- 2

Question 14

For minimal change, renal bx is indicated for these situations.

Answer 14

children over 10 yo with nephrotic syndrome, any child with nephritic syn, or unresponsive to steroids

Question 15

Long-term analgesic use like NSAIDs can cause CKD due to these two things.

Answer 15

Tubulointerstitial nephritis (WBC casts) and hematura via papillary necrosis

Question 16

Patient with DMII and chronic renal insufficiency has a Cr 1.7 and needs to have a CT scan. This type of intervention should be used to help prevent contrast induced kidney damage

Answer 16

non-ionic contrast agent if CT is necessary. (prednisone helps prevent allergic reaction)

Question 17

A patient with a Na less than 130 and normal serum osmolarity has one of these.

Answer 17

hyperproteinemia or hyperlipidemia

Question 18

A patient with low Na and high serum osmolarity (greater than 295) has one of these problems.

Answer 18

hyperglycemia or exogenous solutes (radiocontrast, mannitol)

Question 19

A patient with low serum osmolarity (less than 280) and low ECF with low urine-Na probably has this.

Answer 19

Nonrenal salt loss (dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea)

Question 20

A patient with low serum osmol, low ECF and high urine-Na probably has this.

Answer 20

Renal salt loss (Diuretics, ACEi, and Mineralocorticoid deficiency)

Question 21

A patient with low serum osmol and high ECF probably has these.

Answer 21

CHF, Hepatic failure, or nephrotic syndrome

Question 22

These two things are used to tx of severe or symptomatic hypercalcemia.

Answer 22

Normal saline hydration plus calcitonin for short term; bisphosponate for long term