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psychology 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Psychology 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Plato

A

brain involvement in mental processes

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

Hearts involvement in mental processes

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4
Q

Locke

A

Tabula Rasa (blank slate) nature vs. nurture

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5
Q

Darwin

A

Origin of species

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6
Q

Wilhelm Wunat

A

first psychology lab in Germany

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7
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

first psychology lab in US

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8
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First woman to receive Ph.D. in psychology

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9
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

The interpretation of Dreams (urges and desires)

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10
Q

John Watson

A

“Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it” focused on things you could physically see

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11
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

Works on fear reconditioning (getting rid of fears)

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12
Q

Egas Moniz

A

Published first frontal love lobotomies performed on humans

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13
Q

Humanist psychology and cognitive neuroscience/cognitive revolution

A

1960’s

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14
Q

Why do we need different psychology perspectives and approaches??

A

Needed to explain behavior and mental processes

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15
Q

Neuroscience

A

Brain, hormones

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16
Q

behavioral genetics

A

link between genes and behaviors

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17
Q

evolutionary

A

distribution of genes. adaptive behaviors

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18
Q

Psychodynamic

A

(freud) something within you is driving your behavior

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19
Q

behavioral

A

“learned” behavior through punishment, observation, etc.

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20
Q

Cognitive

A

the way people think, thinking patterns

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21
Q

sociocultural

A

whats going on in society or in your world, all other people

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22
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

works in clinics, asses and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

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23
Q

counseling psychologists

A

counsels people to help them cope with challenges and personal and social functioning

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24
Q

developmental psychologists

A

aims to explain how children and adults change over time.

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25
Q

school psychologists

A

help children and youth succeed academically, socially, and emotionally

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26
Q

cognitive psychologists

A

mental processes such as “attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking.”

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27
Q

forensic psychologists

A

intersection between psychology and the justice system

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28
Q

I/O psychologists

A

scientific study of human behavior in organizations and the work place.

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29
Q

neuropsychologists

A

specializes in understanding the relationship between the physical brain and behavior.

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30
Q

social psychologists

A

scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

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31
Q

sports psychologists

A

primarily teach athletes mental game skills to improve their performance and learning.

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32
Q

hindsight bias

A

“I knew it all along” we think we knew what was going to happen but we really didn’t

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33
Q

operational definition

A

defining the variable of interest

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34
Q

descriptive research

A

basic, describe behavior

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35
Q

correlational research

A

relationship between variables

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36
Q

experimental research

A

determine cause and effect relationship

37
Q

case study

A

detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person. group, or person, over a period of time

38
Q

self report

A

relies on the participant to record their own behaviors, thoughts, or feelings

39
Q

observation

A

process of watching someone or something carefully in order to gain information

40
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

statistical measure of a relationship

tells the direction of the relationship (+ or -) and strength of relationship

41
Q

Positive correlation

A

both variables move in the same direction

42
Q

negative correlation

A

as one variable moves positively the other moves negatively (inverse)

43
Q

Strength of relationship

A

closer to -1.00 and +1.00 means a STRONG and good prediction

44
Q

Correlation does not imply causation

A

just because two things have a strong correlation, does not mean that one causes the other

45
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

a 3rd variable that effects two other variables, making it seem like a cause and effect relationship

46
Q

what makes an experiment different from a descriptive or correlational study

A

experiments manipulate factos of interest and hold other variables constant on purpose

47
Q

Placebo Affect

A

when a patient believes that a treatment is working and so they feel a beneficial effect

48
Q

difference between experimental and control groups

A

experimental groups receive the experiment and control groups just keep everything the same that they usually do

49
Q

Random Assignment

A

how you group people within the experiment to make it so that there is NO bias

50
Q

Double-Blind Study

A

used to eliminate bias, participate and experimenter don’t know what group they are in (experimental or control)

51
Q

Biological Psychology

A

the mind-body connection is explored through scientific research and clinical practice (thoughts, emotions, behaviors)

52
Q

Neuron

A

special cells in brain and spinal cord, communicate with each other

53
Q

Main types of neurons (3)

A

sensory: all senses
motor: help you move
interneurons: not specialized, chat with each other

54
Q

Glial Cells

A

“Glue”, support cells, 1/10th the size of a neuron, repair nuerons

55
Q

action potential

A

occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body. SPIKE or RISE in electrical activity

56
Q

Threshold

A

when a neuron is stimulated to a certain level to tell it to start communicating with another neuron

57
Q

nuerotransmitters

A

chemical messengers, bind onto receptor sites, tell the neuron to either send an excitatory or inhibitory message

58
Q

serotonin

A

related to sleep, depression symptoms, mood

59
Q

reuptake

A

process of the terminal button vacuuming up the neurotransmitters after they’ve sent their message onto the next receptor site

60
Q

dopamine

A

pleasure feelings, player in schizophrenia (too much dopamine) and Parkinson’s (not enough dopamine)

61
Q

ach (acetylchlorine)

A

learning and memory, muscle contractions

62
Q

Agonists

A

a drug that is similar enough to a receptor to simulate it

63
Q

Antagonists

A

similar enough to fit onto the receptor, but not enough to simulate it

64
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system. the brain and spinal cord

65
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system. the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

66
Q

Endocrine System

A

interconnected with the nervous system, second communication system.

67
Q

What chemical messengers does the endocrine system secrete?

A

HORMONES

68
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalograph. Measures the basic electric activity in the brain

69
Q

MRI and fMRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Blood and oxygen flow

70
Q

PET

A

Positron Emission Tomography. Glucose consumption (energy)

71
Q

Endorphines

A

lessen pain and boost mood

72
Q

brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain. responsible for automatic survival functions

73
Q

Medulla

A

the base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing

74
Q

Reticular formation

A

nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

75
Q

Thalamus

A

brains sensory switchboard, located on top of brainstem, directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

76
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain” read of the brainstem. functions include some nonverbal learning, processing sensory input, and coordination movement output and balance

77
Q

Hypothalamus

A

neural structure lying below the thalamus, directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp), helps govern the endocrine system via pituitary gland, linked to emotion and reward

78
Q

Amygdala

A

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion

79
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells, contains 20 billion nerve cells and 300 trillion synaptic connections

80
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres to the brain

81
Q

left hemisphere

A

dominant in language, processing what you hear and handling most of the duties of speaking. carrying out logic and exact mathematical computations

82
Q

Right hemisphere

A

spatial abilities, face recognition, processing music. rough estimates and comparisons, comprehend visual imagery, interpreting context and a persons tone

83
Q

frontal lobe

A

speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements

84
Q

temporal lobe

A

includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite sex

85
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives sensory input for touch and body position

86
Q

occipital lobe

A

receive information from the visual fields

87
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Had a metal rod go through his cheek bone and into his frontal lobe, Lived. showed that the frontal lobe of your brain isn’t what keeps you alive

88
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limited of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

psychology 101 (4 decks)

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