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METABOLISM > Functional Histology of the Gut > Flashcards

Functional Histology of the Gut Flashcards

1
Q

What structures does the oral cavity consist of?

A

salivary glands and teeth

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2
Q

What is the function of the oral cavity and what type of epithelia is present?

A

ingestion, fragmentation and has stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

What do the simple passages of the alimentary tract consist of, what’s their function and what type of epithelium is present?

A

Oesophagus and anus, involved in transport of food and waste and has stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

What does the main body of the digestive tract consist of, and what is it’s function?

A

stomach, intestines and glands which are involved in digestion and absorption

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5
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelia

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6
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the small intestine?

A

simple columnar of villi

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7
Q

Name the 4 components of nutrient absorption and elimination

A

fragmentation, digestion, absorption and elimination

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8
Q

Describe ‘fragmentation’

A

where food is chewed and broken down by enzymes in the oral cavity using saliva containing amylase

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9
Q

Describe ‘digestion’

A

where food is broken down by enzymes in the stomach and duodenum

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10
Q

Describe ‘absorption’

A

where enterocytes absorb nutrients and capillaries and lacteals transport these nutrients from the mucosa

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11
Q

Describe ‘elimination’

A

liquid residue is passed to the colon where water is absorbed from it and solid faeces is expelled through the anal canal

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12
Q

Outline the structures that food passes through after it is ingested

A

mouth, oropharynx, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intenstine, anus

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13
Q

What are the four basic layers of the wall of the alimentary tract?

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis propria
4) serosa/adventitia

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14
Q

Describe the mucosa of the gut wall

A

consists of a lumen, epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae and varies with region and function

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15
Q

Describe the submucosa of the gut wall

A

this is a thicker layer of fibrocollaginous tissue which carries vessels and nerves as well as the submucosal neural plexus

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16
Q

Describe the muscularis propria of the gut wall

A

this consists of two layers; an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

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17
Q

Describe the adventitia/serosa of the gut wall

A

the most external part of the gut wall

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18
Q

When is the outside called the adventitia?

A

where the gut is retroperitoneal it is called adventitia, is referred to as serosa when intraperitoneal

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19
Q

Describe what is meant by the enteric nervous system

A

consists of autonomic functioning ganglia with inputs from the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

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20
Q

What does the submucosal plexus innervate?

A

muscularis mucosae and mucosal glands

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21
Q

What does the myenteric plexus innervate?

A

muscularis propria (inner circular and outer longitudinal layers)

22
Q

Define ‘MALT’

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

23
Q

Define ‘GALT’

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

24
Q

Name four characteristics that prevent gastroesophageal reflux

A

the oesophagus joins the stomach at an acute angle (at the cardia), the contracn of the diaphragm on the oesophagus prevents reflux, intra-abdominal pressure on the oesophagus at rest prevents reflux, there is unidirectional peristalsis

25
Q

Describe the mucosa in the oesophagus

A

non-kertainised stratified squamous epithelium

26
Q

Describe the submucosa in the oesophagus

A

contains mucous glands, blood vessels, nerves, ganglion cells and lymphoid tissue

27
Q

Describe the muscularis propria in the oesophagus

A

the top 1/3 is skeletal muscle to facilitate swallowing and bottom 2/3 is smooth muscle for peristalsis

28
Q

Does the oesophagus have adventitia or serosa?

A

adventitia

29
Q

Outline the gross anatomy of the stomach

A

cardia, body, fundus (above body), antrum, pylorus then duodenum

30
Q

Which secretions are facilitated in the cardia of the stomach?

A

mucus from mucous neck cells

31
Q

Which secretions are facilitated in the fundus/body of the stomach?

A

mucus from mucous neck cells, HCl and intrinsic factor from parietal cells, pepsin from chief cells and gut hormones from endocrine cells

32
Q

Which secretion are facilitated in the pylorus of the stomach?

A

mainly mucus from MNC and gut hormones from endocrine cells

33
Q

How many layers are there in the muscularis propria of the stomach?

A

Three instead of two: inner oblique, middle circular and outer longitudinal

34
Q

How do parietal cells appear in a stain?

A

have a lot of cytoplasm and central nucleus

35
Q

How do chief cells appear in a stain?

A

dark staining and are smaller

36
Q

How do mucous neck cells appear in a stain?

A

small cells with light staining within the epithelium

37
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

a marked thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis propria

38
Q

Describe the structure of the duodenum

A

has Brunner’s glands in the submucosa (secrete alkaline mucus), receives bile and pancreatic juice through the ampulla of vater controlled by the sphincter of oddi

39
Q

Describe the structure of the jejunum

A

has the most specialised surface area for absorption

40
Q

Describe the structure of the ileum

A

greatest amount of GALT in the form of Peyer’s patches

41
Q

What are the plicae circulares?

A

circular folds including the submucosa in the jejunum and ileum

42
Q

What are villi?

A

extensions of the mucosa that possess the central core of the lamina propria and at their bases are the crypts of Leiberkuhn

43
Q

What are microvilli?

A

apical processes known as the brush border

44
Q

What are the crypts of Leiberkuhn

A

the crypts of the small intestine, which have a secretory and stem cell role

45
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the cells of the small intestine

A

there is areolar connective tissue containing strands of smooth muscle from the muscularis mucosae as well as GALT

46
Q

Which cells of the small intestine are involved in absorption?

A

villus enterocytes

47
Q

Which cells of the small intestine are involved in secretion?

A

crypt enterocytes

48
Q

What types of cells are found in the crypts of Leiberkuhn in the small intestine?

A

endocrine cells, stem cells (involved in epithelium regeneration) and paneth cells (secrete antimicrobial agents)

49
Q

Describe the histology of the large intestine

A

abundant goblet cells, no villi, and the outer longitudinal muscularis propria is organised into 3 bundles known as taeniae coli which act to sacculate the colon and form haustra

50
Q

What is taeniae coli?

A

three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon

51
Q

What is haustra?

A

small pouches which give the colon its segmented appearance

METABOLISM (22 decks)

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