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Host + Defense > Gastroenteritis > Flashcards

Gastroenteritis Flashcards

1
Q

_______ illness is the leading cause of childhood death in developing countries.

A

Diarrheal

causes over 13% of children in Latin America to die before age 5

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2
Q

About how many Americans die from gastroenteritis each year?

A

~5,000

diarrhea costs America over $10 billion each year

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3
Q

What are some host factors that can contribute to gastroenteritis?

A

Genotype, age, personal hygiene, gastric acidity, enteric microflora, acquired immunity, innate immunity, intestinal receptors, etc

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4
Q

What causes over 99.9% of ingested coliform bacteria to die within 30 minutes?

A

The normal gastric pH of

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5
Q

What is the #1 most prevalent anaerobe normally in the GI tract?

A

Bacteroides fragilis

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6
Q

What is the #1 most prevalent facultative bacteria in the GI tract?

A

Escherichia coli

1000x more E. coli than B. fragilis

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7
Q

What are the three virulence factors used by microbes to attack the gut?

A

Toxins
Attachment
Invasiveness

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8
Q

Name three types of toxins.

A

Neurotoxins
Enterotoxins
Cytotoxins

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9
Q

Explain neurotoxins

A

Preformed toxins that cause enteric symptoms by effecting the central autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

Explain enterotoxins

A

Directly effect the intestinal mucosa to cause fluid secretion by altering the mucosal cells’ metabolic activity. Results in great electrolyte loss.

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11
Q

Explain cytotoxins

A

These actually destroy the intestinal mucosa and result in inflammatory colitis. Causes dysentery, almost always in the colon.

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12
Q

What microbes use neurotoxins?

A

Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillis cereus, Clostridium botulinum

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13
Q

What microbes use enterotoxins?

A

Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus cereus

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14
Q

What microbes use cytotoxins? (sicknesses found in colon)

A

Shigella dysenteriae, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Staph aureus, Campylobacter jejuni

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15
Q

Which microbes use attachment virulence factors to destroy cells’ ability to participate in normal secretion and absorption?

A

Escherichia coli, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Isospora

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16
Q

Which microbes invade the epithelial cells to destroy the mucosa? (mostly in the colon causing dysentery)

A

Shigella spp., E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella cholerasuis, Vibrio spp., Yersinia enterocolitica

17
Q

84% of food-borne illnesses in the US is caused by ________ and _______.

A

bacteria, viruses

18
Q

What are the two most common microbes to cause food-borne illness?

A

Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp.

mostly found in poultry

19
Q

What virulence factor is the reason for almost immediate diarrhea?

A

preformed toxins (neurotoxins)

20
Q

Why does Salmonella take longer to induce gastroenteritis?

A

Salmonella doesn’t have preformed toxins, so it usually takes about a day for symptoms to show

21
Q

In what population is Shigella most commonly seen? And what is a unique sign of a Shigella infection?

A

Popular in large groups of kids (daycares, schools, etc)

Sign of pus in the diarrhea

22
Q

What microbe would you most definitely see in raw/undercooked seafood?

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

23
Q

Instead of a spore, what does Vibrio cholerae form?

A

A copiopod

24
Q

If a patient is experiencing diarrhea and kidney dysfunction, what might be the culprit?

A

Shigella toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)

25
Q

Why is it particularly dangerous if an expecting mother gets a Listeria monocytogenes infection?

A

The bacteria can reach the fetus and either kill the fetus or cause neonatal meningitis

26
Q

What two microbes have an incubation period of minutes to hours?

A

Bacillus cereus, Staph aureus

27
Q

What two microbes take several hours to cause illness?

A

Botulinum, Clostridium perfringenes

28
Q

Most microbes take a day or so to cause illness. Name six of them.

A

Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. parahaemolyticus, Yersenia enterocolitica, Viruses

29
Q

What takes days to weeks before causing illness?

A

C. difficile, Giardia, Amoeba

30
Q

What is the most important thing to do when treating any kind of gastroenteritis?

A

Replace the lost fluids!

31
Q

Name an ingredient in the home-made fluid/electrolyte replacement recipe.

A

2 bananas :)

or orange juice, sugar, salt, baking soda, or water - take your pick

32
Q

What three specific food poisonings cannot be treated with antibiotics?

A

Staphylococcus, B. cereus, C. perfringenes

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