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PATHO > Ch. 12 Mechanisms of Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Infection = a state of __ __ resulting from __ of __.

A

tissue destruction; invasion; microorganisms

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2
Q

Infections can be spread from person to person and those are called

A

communicable diseases

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3
Q

Non-communicable infections are called

A
  1. opportunistic infections
    (when somebody is immunocompromised)
  2. disorders like HIV or any type of treatment such as steroid therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy can lead to opportunistic infections
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4
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of factors/events that influence the transmission of infectious diseases among humans or from nonhumans to humans

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5
Q

Sporadic

A

a random person here and there that comes down with that infection

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6
Q

Endemic

A

continuous transmission within a population; we’re in a specific geographic region ; relatively stable over time.

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7
Q

Epidemic

A

We’re looking at a much higher than normal transmission and spreading to new geographical areas; it’s abrupt, unexpected, incidence is going to rapidly increase over the endemic rates; we’ve seen this in the latest Ebola outbreak in Wester Africa

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8
Q

Pandemic

A

Spread beyond continental borders

ex: HIV/AIDS

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9
Q

Chain of Infection: what is the chain?

A
  1. infectious agent
  2. reservoirs
  3. portal of exit
  4. means of transmission
  5. portal of entry
  6. susceptible host
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10
Q

Chain of infection: infectious agent

What is this? and how can we break this chain?

A

Our bacteria, virus, etc.

We can break this chain by sterilization.

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11
Q

Chain of infection: Reservoirs

What is this? and how can we break this chain?

A

Reservoirs are what holds the infection and keeps it together so then it can be transmitted

Like mosquito breeding in water and passing on malaria

People and equipment can be reservoirs; can hold those microorganisms

we can break the chain by sanitizing our equipment and use antimicrobial drugs on ourselves to eliminate ourselves from becoming reservoirs

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12
Q

Chain of infection: Portal of Exit:

What is this? and how can we break this chain?

A

we need the microbe to leave the reservoir so they can pass it onto others:

  1. our skin
  2. any of our secretions
  3. us sneezing on somebody/any excretion that might come out

to break the chain, we cover our mouths when we cough; we get rid of tissue that we’ve used

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13
Q

Name the type of modes of transmission:

A
  1. Universal Precautions
  2. Contact Precautions
  3. Droplet Transmission
  4. Aerosol Transmission
  5. Vector Borne
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14
Q

Universal precautions

A

hand hygiene; not using equipment from one person to another

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15
Q

Contact precautions

A

gown + gloves

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16
Q

Droplet transmission

A

droplets typically only go a few feet (3-4 feet) and then will fall to the ground and won’t cause an issue

wear mask

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17
Q

aerosol transmission

A

somebody who has TB; small particles can travel much further and be suspended in air ;

wear N-95 mask

18
Q

Vector borne

A

an insect/animal serves as the intermediate host; mosquitoes in areas with sitting water; the mosquito is the vector that can transmit malaria to an individual; the dog that bites another person may lead to that person getting rabies

19
Q

Nosocomial infections are when somebody gets an infection at

A

the hospital, doctor’s office, long term care facilities, nursing homes

20
Q

About __ -__% of patients actually get an infection while they are in the hospital b/c we are not doing our appropriate practices

A

10-15%

21
Q

So after that pathogen enters the host, there is an __ __ that occurs . The body starts to recognize it an the immune process starts to kick in. At this point, there are no __ or __ __.

A

incubation period

local; systemic manifestations

22
Q

Then, after incubation period, there is a __ __. This is aka __-__ __. The disease is there and there’s a few __ but they are vague and __.

A

prodromal period
sub-clinical illness
symptoms
systematic

23
Q

vague systemic manifestations gradually become __ __ __ and __ __ particularly those of __ so the _, _, _, _, and __ _ __.

We may also be developing __ and __. During the __ __, we have an adequate immune response and we able to eventually defeat the invading organism

A

greater systemic manifestations;

local manifestations; inflammation; heat; redness; swelling; pain; loss of function

abscesses; pus; clinical illness

24
Q

After the clinical illness comes the

A

convalescent stage - here we will start feeling better, things start to recover although we may still have some general malaise, fatigue, low grade fever until we recover

25
Q

Infection getting into the bloodstream:

A

septicemia

26
Q

Specific clinical manifestations:

A

relates to where the infection might and also what the invading organism is
ex: if we ate some bad food, we may have n/v/d ;
If it is breathed in our respiratory tract, it could be PNA

27
Q

Nonspecific clinical manifestations:

A 
general systemic manifestations : 
fever 
loss of appetite
headache 
tiredness
myalgia
general body pain 
nausea
28
Q

Obvious manifestations

A

predictable patterns

29
Q

Covert manifestations

A

requiring specific lab testing to detect

30
Q

If infection is BACTERIAL, exudates are going to be

A

purulent, green/yellow, smell

true if we have a respiratory illness

31
Q

If infection is VIRAL, exudates are

A

clear or serous ; if we have a respiratory infection and we are coughing and clear maybe white, serous, that is going to be a viral infection like maybe an influenza

32
Q

Symptomatology

A

looking at clinical signs or symptoms and comparing that with what we know happens in certain infectious diseases and diagnose based on that

33
Q

what is it called when our WBC counts have increased

A

leukocytosis

34
Q

If it’s a bacterial infection, we will see a sharp increase in

A

neutrophils

35
Q

If we have a decrease in WBC or an increase in certain WBCs like our __ ___ , this indicates __ __

A

T lymphocytes; viral infection

36
Q

We can also check __ __ __ to see if somebody has a disease
like HIV

A

serum antibody levels

we test if they have developed antibodies against the virus

37
Q

It is important to remember for children: not to give __ for pain or fever especially if we suspect they have a __ illness; they can get __ __ which can lead to permanent __ and __ damage

A

ASA

viral

Reye’s Syndrome

neurologic; liver

38
Q

Influenza = __ infection of the __ cells of the upper respiratory airway.

The __ infects the __ cells leading to cell __ and __ of the tissue in the upper respiratory tract

A

viral ; epithelial cells

virus; epithelial; necrosis; rupture; necrosis

39
Q

There are 3 types of virus that lead to influenza. (Type A, B, C)
Type A: __ __ and __ __ form that we are going to see in the general population; Those annual flu vaccines are going to attack Type _ type of viruses they are expecting for that year.

Type B: is __ and seen in __.

Typce C: __ __ form of influenza

A

more severe; more common

A

mild; children

very rare

40
Q

Influenza is transmitted through __ __
It is viral so the secretions are going to be:

however, somebody that has the flu is more susceptible to getting a __ __ on top of that; If they do, they will have a __/__ sputum that they are going to cough up

A

respiratory droplets

clear, serous, maybe a little white, but no color

green/yellow

41
Q

Local manifestations of influenza:

A
  1. cough
  2. sore throat
  3. congestion in the nasal passages/ upper airways
  4. drainage or secretions that are white, could be thick
42
Q

Systemic manifestations include:

A
  1. fever (sometime high fever)
  2. chills
  3. body aches
  4. anorexia (loss of appetite)
  5. malaise

PATHO (15 decks)

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