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Science 9 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

spontaneous generation

A

life can be generated by non-life

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2
Q

biogenesis

A

all living things come from other living things

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3
Q

morphology

A

study of shape or physical characteristics of an organism

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4
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of an organism

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5
Q

chemosynthesis

A

inorganic molecules in the early sea combined to form amino acids –> proteins –> cells

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6
Q

homologous structure

A

structures with similar underlying structure and similar embryonic origin; current functions may be different

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7
Q

analogous structure

A

structures with similar functions and similar superficial appearance but not the same embryonic origin

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8
Q

coevolution

A

evolution in two interdependent species in which changes in one group influence changes in the other

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9
Q

niche

A

specific function a species serves in a habitat or ecosystem

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10
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

period of rapid speciation among multicellular organisms that occurred about 500 million years ago

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11
Q

natural selection

A

process by which the environment determines the organisms/traits best adapted to a given environment at a particular time

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12
Q

artificial selection

A

process of breeding organisms for a particular trait

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13
Q

trait

A

physical/behavioral characteristics

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14
Q

fitness

A

degree to which an organism’s traits allow it to survive and reproduce

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15
Q

adaption

A

evolutionary process by which the genetic makeup of a population changes so that the population becomes better able to survive and reproduce; inherited trait that increases an individual’s fitness

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16
Q

transitional species

A

fossil species that represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of one species to another

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17
Q

vestigial sturctures

A

body parts that one time were necessary but now are reduced in size and have no specific function

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18
Q

gene pool

A

total genetic information available in a population to create the next generation

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19
Q

allele frequency

A

frequency of certain alleles in populations, change all the time–> when they change = evolution

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20
Q

Hardy-Weinburg genetic equilibrium

A

observation that the proportions of alleles in the gene pool do not change over time in a population that is not evolving

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21
Q

genetic variation

A

genetic diversity that is essential to natural selection; produced by mutation, sexual reproduction, and gene flow

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22
Q

directional selection

A

selection that favors one extreme expression of a trait

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23
Q

negative selection

A

natural selection that disfavors a particular trait so it becomes very rare in a population

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24
Q

sexual selection

A

the choice of a mate based on specific and often exaggerated or elaborate characteristics

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25
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles out of a population= reducing the population’s genetic variation; OR movement of alleles into population- increasing the diversity of the gene pool

26
Q

genetic drift

A

random changes in a population’s gene pool that are not the result of natural selection

27
Q

microevolution

A

evolution at the population level, some of one species in single population of one area

28
Q

macroevolution

A

evolution at/above species level, all of one species

29
Q

speciation

A

formation of one or more new species from an ancestral one

30
Q

species

A

group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

31
Q

reproductive isolation

A

separation of two populations by a physical or behavioral barrier that prevents the two groups from interbreeding

32
Q

half-life

A

length of time it takes for 1/2 of any sample to decay to its stable from

33
Q

microspheres

A

spherical formations of phospholipids that may have led to early cells

34
Q

coacervates

A

stable spherical structures that form because amino acids and other organic compounds are electrostaticly attracted to each other

35
Q

protocells

A

a pared down simple form of a cell that is able to grow, replicate, and evolve. consists only of phospholipids and RNA replicase

36
Q

ribozyme

A

type of RNA that acts as an enzyme and can self-replicate

37
Q

evolution

A

change in frequency of a trait or allele in a population; or the accumulation of changes of traits in a species that results in speciation

38
Q

fossil

A

traces of dead organisms usually found in sedimentary rock

39
Q

imprint fossil

A

formed by tiny bones, leaf veins, feathers, as soft parts decompose

40
Q

fossil mold

A

formed by impressions of large bones that decompose leaving a negative space where the bone used to be

41
Q

fossil cast

A

formed when the space left behind a mold is filled in with minerals and sediment

42
Q

petrified fossils

A

formed when minerals replace decomposing soft tissue, leaves perfect replica of organism in stone

43
Q

relative age

A

determined by law of superposition, relative positioning of fossil in layers

44
Q

absolute age

A

actual age of fossil determined by radiometric dating

45
Q

convergent evolution

A

unrelated species become superficially similar due to adaptation in similar environments

46
Q

divergent evolution

A

single species evolves into two or more different species due to adaptive radiation

47
Q

population

A

smallest unit of biological organization in which evolution can occur

48
Q

genetic equilibrium

A

characteristic of a population when the allele frequency remains the same over time

49
Q

disruptive selection

A

selection that favors two or more extremes of a trait

50
Q

immigration

A

movement of individuals into a population

51
Q

emigration

A

movement of individuals out of population

52
Q

isolation

A

a formerly interbreeding population is separated so that the two subpopulations are unable to interbreed

53
Q

geographic isolation

A

physical separation of members of a population, stops gene flow, natural selection and genetic drift can then cause the two subpopulations to diverge

54
Q

reproductive isolation

A

inability for successful breeding between population groups living in the same area, may result from disruptive selection

55
Q

prezygotic

A

incompatible behaviors or structures reduce/prevent breeding

56
Q

postzygotic

A

early death of offspring or infertile offspring; considered wasteful of parental gametes

57
Q

gradualism

A

evolution due to natural selection leads us to view it as a gradual change over millions of years

58
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

periods of stability followed by periods of rapid change

59
Q

taxonomy

A

branch of biology that classifies organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

60
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

method of taxonomy that uses two names to identify a species

61
Q

systematics

A

modern means of classifying organisms based on their natural relationships

62
Q

cladistics

A

branch of phylogenetics that uses the quantity of shared and derived characters to group organisms into a cladogram

Science 9 (7 decks)

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