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PTA Tech > CHAP 6 THERMAL AGENST: COLD/HOT + ESTIM > Flashcards

CHAP 6 THERMAL AGENST: COLD/HOT + ESTIM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the angle at which a beam contacts the skin?

A

Angle of terms

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2
Q

What type of heat trasfer results from energy exchanged by direct collision between molecules of two materials at different temps? Heat is transferred by this when the materials are in contact with each other.

A

Conduction

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3
Q

What type of heat transfer occurs through direct contact of a circulating medium with a material of a different temp?
Ex:Whirlpool, fluidotherapy

A

Convection

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4
Q

What type of heat transfer occurs by the conversion of a non-thermal form of energy, such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy, into heat?
Ex: Ultrasound, diathermy

A

Conversion

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5
Q

What type of energy transfer occurs when energy from one material is transferred to another without the need for direct contact or an intervening medium?
Ex: infrared lamps

A

Radiation

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6
Q

How does Coolant spray work?

A

Evaporation

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7
Q

What is the term for the rate at which a material transfers heat by conduction, usually expressed in (Cal/sec)/(cm2 x C/cm)?

A

Thermal conductivity

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8
Q

List the clinical uses for cryotherapy

A

-inflammation
-pain control
-edema control
Others
-decrease spasicity
-control symptoms of MS
To facilitate movement

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9
Q

List 7 examples of types of cryotherapy

A
  1. Cold/ ice packs
  2. Ice Massage
  3. Immersion/bath
  4. Vapocoolant Spray
  5. Cold Compression Unit
  6. Contrast Bath
  7. Ice Towels
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10
Q

What is vapocoolant spray used for? (What effect does it help with?)

A

Helps with stretch

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11
Q

Cryotherapy influences what 3 physiologic processes?

A
  1. Hemodynamic
  2. Neuromuscular
  3. Metabolic
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12
Q

How does cryotherapy influence Hemodynamics?

A

It causes immediate constriction

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13
Q

How does cryotherapy influence neuromuscular function? (What does it influence?)

A

Nerve Conduction

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14
Q

How does cryotherapy influence Metabolic function?

A

It decreases metabolic rate

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15
Q

What are the 3 basic clinical uses for Thermotherapy?

A
  1. Pain control
  2. Increase ROM/ Decrease joint stiffness
  3. Accelerate healing
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16
Q

What 4 physiologic processes does heat affect?

A
  1. Hemodynamic
  2. Neuromuscular
  3. Metabolic
  4. Altered tissue extensibility
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17
Q

How can you locate the specific treatment area prior to applying cryotherapy, thermotherapy, e-stim and other modalities to ensure an effective tx?

A

Palpate

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18
Q

What are 3 adverse effects of heat therapy?

A

Burns
Fainting
Bleeding

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19
Q

List 8 types of sensation tests

A
  1. Sharp/Dull
  2. Light Touch
  3. Kinesthesia
  4. Proprioception
  5. Vibration Perception
  6. Stereognosis
  7. Two-Point Touch
  8. Thermal Test (hot/cold)
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20
Q

How many layers for heat if hot pack is on top of pt with no pressure?

A

6 to 8

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21
Q

How many layers for heat if hot pack is under the pt with pressure?

A

10 - 12

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22
Q

What is the treatment time for hot packs?

A

15 to 20 min

23
Q

What is the term for the breakdown of proteins that permanently alters biological activity (of the protein) and which can be caused by excessive heat.

A

Protein Denaturation

24
Q

What is the term for a decrease in blood vessel diameter?

A

Vasoconstriction

25
Q

Muscle strengthening for NMES:

What are the correct pulse frequency (pps) and pulse duration?

A

Pulse frequency 35-80 pps

Pulse duration 150-200 us

26
Q

NMES for Muscle Strengthening:

What is the correct ratio and on:off time?

A

6-10 sec on
50-120 secs off
1:5 initially
may reduce the off time with repeated tx

27
Q

NMES for Muscle strengthening:

What is the appropriate tx time?

A

10-20 mins produce 10-20 reps

28
Q

NMES for Muscle strengthening:

What is the appropriate ramp time?

A

at least 2 secs

29
Q

How often can NMES be administered for Muscle Strengthening?

A

every 2 to 3 hours when awake

30
Q

T.E.N.S. (what does it stand for )

A

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

31
Q

Name the different types of electrical stimulation

A

TENS
IFC
NMES
Iontophoresis

32
Q

How can the application of electrical currents benefit the patient?

A 
Pain control
   *gate control theory (HR TENS)
   *endorphin release (LR/Burst TENS)
Muscle strengthening and re-education (NMES)
Decrease muscle spasm
wound healing
33
Q

List 5 types of electrical currents?

A
  1. Direct Current (DC) - continuous flow of ions
  2. Alternate Current (AC)
  3. Pulsed current
  4. Interferential Current (IFC)
  5. Premodulated Current
34
Q

What type of electrical current produces a discontinuous flow of current?

A

pulsed current

35
Q

What is Premodulated Current?

A

It is a single-channel wave form which produces IFC

36
Q

What is Russian Protocol?

A

A Polyphasic AC waveform delivered at 50 bursts per second

37
Q

What body process promotes galvanotaxis, increases muscle contraction via creating action potentials, and promotes pain modulation?

A

Metabolism

Metabolic Process

38
Q

What category of body processes increases muscle contraction via creating action potentials and promotes pain modulation?

A

Musculoskeletal

39
Q

What is the gate control theory of pain and how it works

A

A theory of pain control and modulation that states pain is modulated at the spinal cord level by inhibitory effects of nonnoxious afferent input.

40
Q

Which type of E-Stim stimulates the large diameter axons first then smaller diameter?

A

NMES

41
Q

What is the Overload Principle?

A

Higher force contraction leads to more muscle strength gain

42
Q

What should you locate first when determining placement of electrodes in order to stimulate muscle?

A

find the muscles belly

43
Q

What E-Stim parameter determines the pulses per second for monophasic an biphasic application?

A

Frequency

44
Q

What unit of measute is used to determine AC or number of cycles per second in an e-stim treatment?

A

Hz (Hertz)

45
Q

Effects of electrical current

A

circulatory
metabolic
muskuloskeletal

46
Q

the change in the nerve membrane potential (via the electrical current) must be great enough to cause an action potential

A

Strength and duration

47
Q

increase local cellular circulation

A

circulatory

48
Q

What are the types of electrical currents?

A

pulsed current

interferential current

49
Q

What are the types of electrical currents?

A

Premodulated current

Russian protocol

50
Q

pulse duration

A

200-400 microsec

51
Q

What is galvanotaxis?

A

The attraction of cells to an electrical charge

52
Q

100 -300 microsec

A

sensory

53
Q

What is galvanotaxis?

A

The attraction of cells to an electrical charge.

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