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Question 1

A claim about two variables in which the level of one variable is said to vary systematically with the level of another variable, such that when one variable changes, the other variable tends to change too.

Answer 1

Association claim

Question 2

a claim arguing that a specific change in one variable is responsible for influencing the level of another variable

Answer 2

Causal claim

Question 3

The argument that an author or scientist is trying to make

Answer 3

Claim

Question 4

A researcher’s definition of a variable at an abstract level

Answer 4

conceptual definitions

Question 5

Something that could potentially vary but that has only one level in the study in question

Answer 5

Constant

Question 6

A measure of how well a variable was measured or manipulated in a study

Answer 6

Construct validity

Question 7

To occur or vary together systematically as two variables

Answer 7

Correlate

Question 8

One of three rules for establisching causation, stating that the proposed causal variable must vary systematically with the changes in the proposed outcome variable

Answer 8

Covariance

Question 9

An association in which as one variable increases the level of the other variable changes its pattern

Answer 9

Curvilinear association

Question 10

The variable that is measured in an experiment. or in regression, the variable that researchers are most interested in understanding or predicting.

Answer 10

Dependent variable

Question 11

a study in which one variable is manipulated and the other is measured

Answer 11

an experiment

Question 12

a measure of how well the results of a study generalize to or represent individuals or contexts besides those in the study itself

Answer 12

external validity

Question 13

A claim that describes a particular rate or level of a single variable

Answer 13

frequency claim

Question 14

The extent to which the subjects in a study represent the populations they are intended to represent; how well the settings in the study represent other settings or contexts

Answer 14

Generalizability

Question 15

A variable that is manipulated in an experiment. In regression analysis it is the variable used to explain variance in the criterion variable.

Answer 15

Independent variable

Question 16

Internal validity

Answer 16

The ability to rule out alternative explanations for a causal relationship between two variables

Question 17

A variable that researchers control by assigning participants to its different levels.

Answer 17

Manipulated variables

Question 18

A variable in a study whose levels are observed and recorded

Answer 18

Measured variables

Question 19

An association in which high levels of one variable are associated with low levels of the other variable.

Answer 19

Negative association

Question 20

Operational definitions

Answer 20

the specific way in which high levels of one variable go with high levels of the other variable.

Question 21

The use of a random method to assign participants into different experiment conditions.

Answer 21

Random assignment

Question 22

A graphical representation of an association, in which each dot represents one participant in the study.

Answer 22

Scatterplot

Question 23

The extent to which statistical conclusions derived from a study are accurate and reasonable

Answer 23

Statistical validity

Question 24

One of the three rules for establishing causation, stating that the proposed causal variable comes first in time, before the proposed outcome variable.

Answer 24

Temporal Precedence

Question 25

ine of the possible variations or levels of a variable.

Answer 25

Value

Question 26

an attribute that varies, having at least two levels or values.

Answer 26

a variable

Question 27

zero association

Answer 27

A lack of systematic association between two variables