Andersen Ch.6 Human Memory: Encoding And Storage

Question 1

Brain region strongly associated with the encoding and retrieval of memories.

Answer 1

Prefrontal cortex

Question 2

Visual Sensory Memory

Answer 2

AKA Iconic memory - a memory system that can effectively hold all of the information in a visual field. This storage is incredibly brief.

Question 3

Sperling (1960)

Answer 3

Briefly present letters in an array consisting of 3 rows of 4 letters. Post presentation subjects were cued as to which row they were to attend to (partial report procedure instead of whole report). Subjects could then recall all of most of the row. As you delay the cue tone recall becomes close that seen by whole report procedure.

Question 4

Auditory Sensory Memory

Answer 4

The ability to temporally hold auditory information

Question 5

ERP mismatch negativity

Answer 5

When a sound is presented that is different from a recently heard sound in pitch or loudness, there is an increase in the negativity of the ERP recording 150 to 200 ms after the discrepant sound. Knuutila (1993) showed that this effect (memory) lasts for 10s

Question 6

Short Term Memory

Answer 6

There there that information coming from the environment is held in transitory sensory stores, where it is loss unless it is attended to. Attended information is then transferred into short term memory where it must be rehearsed in order to me stored in long term.

Question 7

Shepard and Teghtsoonian (1961)

Answer 7

Illustrated that information could not be stored in short-term memory indefinitely, because new information will push old information out.
Presented participants with 200 3 digit words and asked subjects to identify when a number was repeated. When the lag increased (numbers between first appearance and repetition) identification gets worse.

Question 8

Rundus (1971)

Answer 8

Believed that rehearsal was the key to get information from short-term to long-term. He showed that the more a participant rehearsed an item out loud, the more they would remember it.

Question 9

Craig and Lockhart (1972)

Answer 9

Argued that it wasn’t rehearsal time that was important to get information into LTM, but depth of processing. Depth of Processing Theory.

Question 10

Glenberg, Smith and Green (1977)

Answer 10

Had participants study four digit numbers for 2’s, then rehearse a word for 2, 4, or 18 s and then recall the 4 digits. Participants thought that their task was to recall the digits and that they just rehearsing the words to fill time. Subjects recalled 11,7, and 13% of the rehearsed words for the respective study times. Time is not so important.

Question 11

Kapur et al (1994)

Answer 11

Pet study comparing deep and shallow processing of words.
Shallow condition - participants judged whether the words contained a certain letter.
Deep condition - judged whether words described living things
Deep condition remembered 75% of the words, and shallow remembered 57%. Study times were kept the same. There was greater activation in the prefrontal cortex in the deeper processing group.

Question 12

Baddeley’s Theory of Working Memory

Answer 12

Hypothesized that there is a visuospatial sketch pad and a phonological loop which systems under control of the central executive. These make up Working Memory, which is a system that allows us to hold information that we need to preform a task.

Question 13

structure that plays an important role in the storage of new memories.

Answer 13

The hippocampus

Question 14

Central Executive System

Answer 14

Controls how the slave systems work. It also has the ability to route information into either system, or retrieve information from either system.

Question 15

Baddeley et al. Phonological loop

Answer 15

People can recall about 4.5 out of 5 one syllable words. People can recall abut 2.6 out of 5 five syllable words. This maps on to subjects reading rate. He proposed we can keep about 2 seconds worth of information in WM.

Question 16

Jacobsen (1936)

Answer 16

Match to sample task. Monkey is shown a piece of food that is placed into one of two identical wells. The wells are then covered so that monkey can no longer see the wells for a delayed period of 10 seconds. The monkey is then given an opportunity to try revive the food but must choose the right well. Monkeys with frontal cortex lesions cannot do this. The frontal context plays an important role in Working Memory.

Question 17

E.E. Smith and Jonides (1995)

Answer 17

Using PET scan. When participants held visual information in working memory they saw activation in the prefrontal are 47. Show in a meta analysis, this are is active in a variety of tasks, not use working memory tasks, maybe it corresponds to Baddely’s central executive

Question 18

Activation

Answer 18

Determines both the probability that some piece of information will be retrieved from long-term memory and the speed with which that retrieval will be accomplished.

Question 19

Spreading Activation

Answer 19

The process by which currently attended items can make associated memories more available.

Question 20

Meyer and Schvanevelt (1971)

Answer 20

When participants were engaged in an experiment where they had to judge if pairs of words were real words, subjects were faster ate recognizing related word pairs than non-related word pairs. When the participant read the first word activation of the first word to the second word, making the second word easier to recognize.

Question 21

Associative spreading

Answer 21

Information activation through memory can facilitate the rate at which words are read.

Question 22

Memory Strength

Answer 22

Each time we use a memory trace, it increases in strength (how accessible the memory is). This changes much more gradually compared to the rapid fluctuations of associated activation.

Question 23

Pirolli and Anderson (195)

Answer 23

The effects on practice and memory. They taught participants a set of facts and had them practice facts for 25 days, then looked at the speed with which participants could recognize these facts. Participants cut their recall time in half. Power function.

Question 24

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 24

A kind of neural learning which occurs in the hippocampus and cortical areas. when a pathway is stimulated with a high frequency electric current, cells along that pathway show increased sensitivity to further stimulation. Barnes (1979) in rat hippocampus that after 11 days of stimulation, EPSP (excitatory post synaptic potential increased according to a power function.

Question 25

Prefrontal cortex in forming new memories

Answer 25

Wagner (1998) memory for words. Gabrieli et al (1998)memory for pictures. In both studies partisans some items and forgot other. FMRI comparison showed that the left prefrontal region was predictive words and the right prefrontal regions was predictive of memory for pictures.

Question 26

D.L. Nelson (1979)

Answer 26

Showed that people remember semantic relations better than rhymes.

Question 27

Elaborative processing

Answer 27

Thinking of information that relates to an expands on the information that needs to be remembered. Anderson & Bower gave participants a sentence to remember. One group elaborated on the sentence and the other group studied the sentence. Later subjects were shown the subject and the noun again and had them recall the object if the sentence. The study group remembered the 57% and the elboration group remembered 72%.

Question 28

BS Stein (1979)

Answer 28

Participants were asked to remember 10 sentences and the had to fill in the missing adjective. Self generated elaboration group remembered more compared to imprecise elaborations, but the precise experimenter elaboration group preformed the best.