general

Question 1

________ symptoms are characteristic of VHD

Answer 1

Exertional symptoms are characteristic of VHD

Question 2

what condition causes a tapping apex beat?

Answer 2

mitral stenosis

Question 3

what causes a displaced and diffuse apex beat?

Answer 3

left ventricular dilatation (volume overload)

Question 4

what causes a displaced and heaving apex beat ?

Answer 4

left ventricular hypertrophy (pressure overload)

Question 5

what questions do you need to answer to describe a murmur? 6

Answer 5

• Systole or diastole?
• What type of murmur?
• Where is it loudest?
• Where does it radiate to?
• What grade of murmur?
• (Influenced by respiration?)

Question 6

what words are used to describe systolic murmurs?

Answer 6

ejection systolic, pansystolic

Question 7

what words are used to describe diastolic murmurs?

Answer 7

early diastolic, mid diastolic

Question 8

what does a murmur loudest in the aortic area indicate?

Answer 8

aortic stenosis

Question 9

what does a murmur loudest in the pulmonary area indicate?

Answer 9

pulmonary stenosis

Question 10

what does a murmur loudest in the tricuspid area indicate? 2

Answer 10

tricuspid regurgitation, aortic regurgitation

Question 11

what does a murmur loudest in the mitral area indicate?

Answer 11

all the mitral ones

Question 12

what does radiation to the carotids indicate?

Answer 12

aortic stenosis

Question 13

what does radiation to the axilla indicate?

Answer 13

mitral regurgitation

Question 14

what are the grades of murmur?

Answer 14

I. Very quiet 
II.Quiet - easy to hear
III. Loud
IV. Loud with a thrill
V. Very loud with a thrill
VI. Loud  - audible without a stethoscope

Question 15

____ sided murmurs are louder with inspiration

Answer 15

right

Question 16

what do systolic clicks indicate?

Answer 16

mitral valve prolapse

Question 17

when do you hear a continuous murmur?

Answer 17

VSD

Question 18

what are the characteristics of an innocent (functional murmur)

Answer 18

• soft (less that 3/6 severity)
• position dependent - dependent on venous return
  if you stand up the murmur changes
• often early systolic

Question 19

_____ murmurs are always pathological

Answer 19

diastolic