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Anatomy 111 > Bones and Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Principle and accessory organs…

A

Principle, bone; accessory, cartilage

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2
Q

Most abundant skeletal cartilage…

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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3
Q

Types of hyaline cartilage…

A

Articular (ends of long bones), Costal (connects ribs to sternum), Respiratory (larynx) and Nasal (nose)

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4
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Cells in perichondrium secrete matrix along peripheral cartilage surface (outward expansion)

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5
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix (internal expansion)

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6
Q

Cells of cartilage…

A

Chondroblasts (matrix forming cells) and Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells)

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7
Q

Calcification of cartilage occurs…

A

During normal bone growth and old age

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8
Q

Axial Skeleton includes…

A

Bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage

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9
Q

Appendicular Skeleton includes…

A

Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip

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10
Q

Functions of Skeletal System…

A

Support and protection of organs, framework for muscular movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation

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11
Q

Major minerals stored by skeletal system…

A

Calcium and phosphorous

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12
Q

Types of bone (examples)…

A

Long bone (humerus), flat bone (sternum), irregular bone (vertebrae), short bone (talus, carpal)

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13
Q

Yellow marrow is found…

A

Only in diaphysis of long bones, where it serves to absorb shock and store nutrients

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14
Q

Channel for nerves, veins and arteries…

A

Central cannal (aka. Haversian canal)

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15
Q

Periosteum is held to bone matrix by…

A

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

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16
Q

Lamellae are…

A

Layers of bone matrix (extracellular material)

17
Q

Spongey bone in flat bones (such as skull)…

A

Diploë

18
Q

Structural units of bone…

A

Compact, osteon; spongey, trabeculae

19
Q

Cavity in the diaphysis…

A

Medullary cavity

20
Q

Where bone grows in length…

A

Epiphyseal plate

21
Q

Red marrow is found…

A

In infants - medullary cavity and all areas of spongey bone

In adults - diploë of flat bones and head of the femur and humerus

22
Q

Major cells of the skeleton…

A

Osteogenic cells (mitotic cells in periosteum and endosteum), Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), Osteocytes (mature bone cells) and Osteoclasts (bone destroying cells)

23
Q

Organic and inorganic composition of skeleton…

A

(O:) Cells and Osteoid (unmineralized bone matrix), (I:) Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts, mainly calcium phosphates)

24
Q

Channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to said canal…

A

Volkmann’s canals

25
Q

Lacunae are…

A

Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

26
Q

Canaliculi are…

A

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

27
Q

Ossification is described and classified as…

A

Process of bone tissue formation; Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification

28
Q

Process of bone developing from a fibrous membrane…

A

Intramembranous ossification

29
Q

Process of bone developing by replacement of modeling hyaline cartilage…

A

Endochondral ossification

30
Q

Double-layered protective membrane comprised of a fibrous layer of dense, regular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer…

A

Periosteum

31
Q

Delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone…

A

Endosteum

32
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Bones inadequately mineralized, caused by insufficient calcium in diet or vitamin D defficiency

33
Q

Rickets

A

Bones of children inadequately mineralized, caused by insufficent calcium in diet or vitamin D defficiency; characterized by deformities of pelvis, skull, rib cage and legs

34
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, rendering bones extremely fragile

35
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown; eventual waning of osteoclast activity resulting in bone mass deformities localized in spine, pelvis, femur and skull

36
Q

Examples of unmineralized bone matrix (osteiod)…

A

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans

37
Q

Type of hyaline cartilage not covered by perichondrium…

A

Articular cartilage

Anatomy 111 (22 decks)

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