Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Peds Midterm > Motor Development: theories and principles > Flashcards

Motor Development: theories and principles Flashcards

1
Q

Term: a change in the child that occurs over time; changes follow an orderly pattern that moves toward greater complexity and enhances survival

A

Child development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define the periods of development:

  • Prenatal period
  • Infancy and toddlerhood
  • Early childhood
  • Middle childhood
  • Adolescence
A
  • Prenatal period: from conception to birth
  • Infancy and toddlerhood: birth to 2 years
  • Early childhood: 2-6 y/o
  • Middle childhood: 6-12 y/o
  • Adolescence: 12-19 y/o
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Domain of Development: body size and proportions, appearance, brain development, motor development, perception capacities, physical health

A

Physical domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Domain of Development: thought processes and intellectual abilities including attention, memory, problem solving, imagination, creativity, academic and everyday knowledge, metacognition, and language

A

Cognitive domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Domain of Development: self-knowledge (self-esteem, metacognition, sexual identity, ethnic identity), moral reasoning, understanding and expression of emotions, self-regulation, temperament, understanding others, interpersonal skills and friendships

A

Social/emotional domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Term: an orderly set of ideas which describe, explain, and predict behavior

A

Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 major theoretic approaches for motor development theories?

A

Neural-Maturationist
Cognitive
Dynamical Systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Theory: belief that heredity and innate biological processes govern growth

A

Biological theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Theory: assumes a hierarchical nature of nervous system maturation

  • attributes normal motor development to increasing corticalization of the CNS
  • functional behaviors appear as the nervous system matures
  • development is build upon reflexes
A

Neural-maturationist theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the neural-maturationist theory, the cortex is associated with _____________ reactions and ___________ function.

A

equilibrium, bipedal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the neural-maturationist theory, the midbrain is associated with ____________ reactions and __________ function.

A

righting, quadrupedal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In the neural-maturationist theory, the brainstem and spinal cord are associated with ___________ reflex and __________ function.

A

primitive, apedal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: pediatric PT was developed according to the neural-maturationist theoretic model.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Term/Theory: examines how behavior is determined by a species’ need for survival

  • describes a “critical period” or sensitive period” for learning
  • emphasizes genetic and biological roots of development, but learning is also important b/c it lends flexibility and adaptiveness to behavior
A

Ethology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Theory: attachment between an infant and her caregiver can insure the infant’s survival

A

Attachment theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Theory: beliefs that describe how children learn

A

Cognitive theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the 2 main cognitive theories.

A

Behavior (Skinner)

Piagetian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Theory: development occurs through interaction between the individual and environment

  • contingency learning and positive reinforcement
  • Pavlovian conditioning
A

Behavior theory (Skinner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Theory: development occurs through interaction between cognitive-neural striation and environmental opportunities

A

Piagetian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Theory: children “construct” their understanding of the world through their active involvement and interactions

A

Cognitive development theory (Piaget)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name Piaget’s 4 Cognitive Development Stages.

A

Sensori-motor
Pre-operation
Concrete operations
Formal operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stage: ages birth - 2; the infant uses his senses and motor abilities to understand the world, repetition is important

A

Sensori-motor

23
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stage: ages 2-7; the child uses mental representations of objects and is able to use symbolic thought and language

A

Pre-operation

24
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stage: ages 7-11; the child uses logical operations or principles when solving problems

A

Concrete operations

25
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stage: ages 12 up; the use of logical operations in a systemic fashion and with the ability to use abstractions

A

Formal operations

26
Q

Theory: children are active learners, but their knowledge is socially constructed; cultural values and customs dictate what is important to learn

A

Socio-cultural theory

27
Q

Term: the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers

A

Zone of proximal development

28
Q

Theory: uses the model of the computer to describe how the brain works; focuses on how information is perceived, stored in memory, how memories are retrieved and then used to solve problems

A

Information processing theory

29
Q

Who is the “Father of American Behaviorist Theory?”

A

John Watson

30
Q

Who believed that children are passive being who can be molded by controlling the stimulus-response associations?

A

John Watson

31
Q

Theory: stressed how children learn by observation and imitation; children gradually become more selective in what they imitate

A

Social learning theory

32
Q

Theory: development can’t be explained by a single concept, but rather by a complex system

A

Developmental systems theory

33
Q

Theory: development of a motor pattern depends on a combination of mechanical, neurologic, cognitive, and perceptual factors in addition to environmental contributions
- environment is as important as the organism

A

Dynamical systems

34
Q

Theory: movements are self-organizing and emerge as a result of interaction between the subsystems

A

Dynamical systems

35
Q

Name the 4 cooperating subsystems in the dynamical systems theory.

A

Musculoskeletal
Sensory
Central sensorimotor integrative
Arousal and motivation

36
Q

Term: variables that regulate change in the behavior (movement) of the child

A

Control parameters

37
Q

Term: factors that limit the ability of the child to move

A

Rate limiters

38
Q

Term: stable movement patterns (preferred but not obligatory)

A

Attractors

39
Q

Theory: the varied systems of the environment and the interrelationships among the systems shape a child’s development
- the environment affects the child and the child influences the environment

A

Ecological systems theory of bioecological theory

40
Q

Term: activities and interactions in the child’s immediate surroundings
- parents, school, friends, etc.

A

Microsystem

41
Q

Term: relationships among the entities involved in the child’s microsystem
- parents’ interactions w/ teachers, school’s interactions w/ daycare provider

A

Mesosystem

42
Q

Term: social institutions which affect children indirection

- parents’ work settings and policies, extended family networks, mass media, community resources

A

Exosystem

43
Q

Term: broader cultural values, laws and governmental resources

A

Macrosystem

44
Q

Term: changes which occur during a child’s life, both personally and culturally
- birth of a sibling, the Iraqi war

A

Chronosystem

45
Q

Principle of Development: child first gains control of the head, then arms, then legs

A

Cephalocaudal principle

46
Q

Principle of Development: spinal cord develops before other parts of the body; arms before hands; hands before fingers, etc.

A

Proximodistal principle

47
Q

Principle of Development: sequence of biological changes in children; depends on changes in the brain and nervous system; these changes assist children to improve their thinking abilities and motor skills

A

Maturation

48
Q 
In which order do these parts of the nervous system mature?
cerebrum
spinal cord
brainstem
cortex
A

spinal cord
brainstem
cerebellum
cortex

49
Q

Term: once the cortex maturates and synapses start to organize, the synapses organize in different regions (some are responsible for head, arms, legs, etc.)

A

Neuronal group selection

50
Q

Term: continuing process of the creation and organization of neuron connections that occurs as a result of a person’s life experience

A

Experience-dependent

51
Q

Term: normal, generalized development of neuron connections that occur as a result of common experiences that all humans are exposed to in a normal environment
- early universal experiences include visual stimulation, sound and bodily movement

A

Experience-expectant

52
Q

Term: a time when children vary in their selection of a movement strategy in response to a particular task

A

Sensitive period

53
Q

Are sensitive periods the result of experience dependent or expectant maturation.

A

Dependent

54
Q

T/F: Periods of instability or disequilibrium drive the developmental process.

A

True

Peds Midterm (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions