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Guyton Physiology > Unit III (9-13)- The Heart > Flashcards

Unit III (9-13)- The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart is provided by what nerves

A

Vagus nerve

Pre-ganglionic fibers of of the recurrent laryngeal n.

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2
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the heart is provided by what nerves

A

Cardiac nerves that originate from the cervicothoracic/middle and 1st few thoracic ganglion

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3
Q

What mechanical event is represented by a P-wave?

A

Atrial depolarization

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4
Q

What mechanical event is represented by a QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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5
Q

What mechanical event is represented by a T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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6
Q

What mechanical event is represented by a QT interval?

A

Ventricular contraction and relaxation

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7
Q

What mechanical event is represented by a PR interval?

A

Atrial contraction and relaxation

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8
Q

What does S1 sound represent?

A

Lub - Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves

Usually occurs at the end of QRS complex

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9
Q

What does S2 sound represent?

A

Dub - Closure of semilunar valves

Usually occurs at the end of T wave

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10
Q

What does S3 sound represent?

A

Early ventricular filling

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11
Q

What does S4 sound represent?

A

Atrial contraction

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12
Q

At what stage of the cardiac cycle do gallop sounds occur?

A

Diastole

low frequency in dogs; higher frequency in cats

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13
Q

What pathology is usually associated with S3 sounds?

A

DCM

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14
Q

What pathology is usually associated with S4 sounds?

A

HCM

pushing blood into a stiff non compliant ventricle

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15
Q

What do systolic clicks represent?

A

Primary AV valve prolapse

(usually higher amplitude, just as loud or louder than S1 and S2) would occur between S1 and S2

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16
Q

What do split sounds represent?

A

Delay between closure and opening of valves
S1 - Mitral and tricuspid valves
S2 - semilunar valves

17
Q

ECG paper speed of 25mm/sec

1 small box = ___

A

0.04 seconds

18
Q

ECG paper speed of 50mm/sec

1 small box = ___

A

0.02 seconds

19
Q

ECG paper speed of 25mm/sec

30 big boxes x ____ = beats per pen

A

10

20
Q

ECG paper speed of 50mm/sec

30 big boxes x ____ = beats per pen

A

20

21
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of sinus block? sinus arrest?

A

Abrupt pause in rhythm
Block - 2x longer than the previous R-R interval
Arrest - more than 2x longer than previous R-R interval

22
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of atrial standstill?

A

No P waves

23
Q

What diseases are associated with atrial standstill?

A

Hyperkalemia

Atrial fibrosis - english springer spaniels, old english sheepdogs

24
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of 1st degree AV block?

A

Prolonged P-R interval

There is a P for every QRS

25
Q

What are the causes of 1st degree AV block?

A

increased vagal tone - resting and digestion

26
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of 2nd degree AV block Type 1?

A

Gradually prolonged PR interval

P without QRS complex

27
Q

What is the cause of 2nd degree AV block Type I?

A

High vagal tone

28
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of 2nd degree AV block Type 2?

A

Fixed P-R interval

P without a QRS

29
Q

What are the causes of 2nd degree AV block Type 2?

A

AV nodal disease (myocarditis, tumors, age related fibrosis)

more likely to go into 3rd degree AV block

30
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of 3rd degree AV block?

A

Complete dissociation between P and QRS complex

31
Q

What is the mechanism behind atrial tachycardia?

A

increased automaticity of ectopic foci with re-entry

32
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of atrial tachycardia?

A

Abnormal P wave morphology

Normal QRS complex with regular R-R interval

33
Q

What is the mechanism behind atrial fibrillation?

A

Micro-reentry

34
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of atrial fibrillation?

A

No P waves
Irregularly irregular of R-R interval
Normal QRS complex

35
Q

What is the mechanism behind atrial flutter?

A

Macro-reentry

36
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of atrial flutter?

A

Flutter waves - saw tooth appearance to the baseline
Regular R-R interval
Normal QRS complex

37
Q

A VPC with positive deflection originates from what side?

A

Right

38
Q

A VPC with negative deflection originates from what side?

A

Left

Guyton Physiology (15 decks)

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