Modern Day

Question 1

Changes in attitudes (8)

Answer 1

Explosion of scientific understanding 
Urbanisation
Communications improved via technology
Increase in leisure time 
Less religious 
Democracy meant ore demand for a welfare state 
American values 
Wars, epidemics and famine killed more in 20th century than they had in the whole of history

Question 2

Causes (6)

Answer 2

1895- X-rays 
1921- discovery of insulin 
1953- discovery of DNA and stem cells
1972- CAT scanner
1990's- cloning Dolly the Sheep
2002- Gunther von Hagens performed dissections on live TV

Question 3

Paul Ehrlich (magic bullets) (4)

Answer 3

Discovery of sulphonamides is the beginning of the modern pharmaceutical industry- drugs designed to kill one disease
Salversan 606 treated and cured syphilis and prontosil cured blood poisoning
Showed the effective communications between scientists
Sulphonamides could kill only one type, when penicillin was discovered it was seen as the better drug as it could kill a range of illnesses

Question 4

Progress of Fleming’s work (4)

Answer 4

First antibiotic
Helped soldiers during WWII
Still one of the most used antibiotics in today’s society, classed as a ‘superdrug’
Florey and Chain were successful in convincing the government to invest in a larger production of penicillin, begins to be developed in 1941

Question 5

Limitations of Fleming’s work (4)

Answer 5

Discovered by accident
Fleming was unsuccessful in getting it mass produced due to the fact it was expensive
Not the first person to discover it, discovered in 1871 by Lister but nothing was done about it
Florey and Chain’s first patient died as they did not have enough penicillin to treat them

Question 6

Progress of WWI (5)

Answer 6

New technology and methods eg x-rays and blood transfusions
“Homes for heroes” developed public health as they were aware of how bad health was
Doctors forced to develop new treatment methods due to the horrific nature of some of the injuries
Soldiers vaccinated
Developments in athropaedics (bones) and limb replacements

Question 7

Limitations of WWI (3)

Answer 7

Massive outbreak of Spanish flu, killed ore people than the war
Men had to live with long-term mental health issues eg shell shock
War diverted a lot of effort away from medical research

Question 8

National Insurance Act 1941 (5)

Answer 8

People pay into it 
Employers pay into it also 
Medical bills are paid by insurance 
Pensions also paid 
Poorest people miss out

Question 9

Government acts (3)

Answer 9

Take responsibility for health due to WWI
Beveridge report indicates “5 Giants” which affect health , recommends universal welfare system, set up as a reward for helping in WWI
Bevan sets up NHS

Question 10

Training of doctors (3)

Answer 10

Gender balance flipped, now 50% are women
Could go to hospital
Can now identify familial illnesses

Question 11

Public confidence in doctors (3)

Answer 11

Confidence in doctors lowered
1 in 5 people prefer alternative methods eg acupuncture
In 2002, 80% people visited the doctor

Question 12

Hospitals (4)

Answer 12

NHS take control of hospital care
Hospitals become more standardised as they are controlled by the government
Range of treatments offered expands over time
More people have access to care than ever before

Question 13

Others responsible for care (3)

Answer 13

Homeopathy (take very diluted quantities of a substance)
Acupuncture
Hypnotherapy
(All late 20th century)