Chapter 26 Flashcards
Muhammad Ali
Book- officer of Albanian origins. Becomes ruler of Egypt. Impressed by weapons of French. Builds European style military. Hired French officers. Increased production of cotton, hemp, indigo, others. Welcomed western ideas.
Suez Canal
Book- Completion- 1869. Transforms Egypt into one of the most strategic places on Earth. Vital commercial and military link between Europe and their colonial empires in Asia and E Africa.
Tanzimat Reforms
Book- western influences unwelcome at upper levels of Ottoman society. (1839-1879). Training in European sciences and mathematics. State run postal and telegraph systems. Railways. Newspapers established. Legal reforms- 1876- constitution. Legal reforms improved position of minority relishes groups.
Notes- (Tanzimat-> Reorganization) MAHMED II -> builds empire after Europe. (Western style army, kills off janissaries). Makes alliances with British (Nationalism- Religion). New universities-> WESTERN STYLE: politics, math, science, Medical schools opened in 1838 (Germany)
Framework: Response to Rebellions- Imperial Policies.
Qing Dynasty
Notes- End of Confucian scholar exams (1904), the last emperor abdicates his throne in 1912.
INTERNAL PROBLEMS: 1) Mass migrations of peasants and indentured servants to California (Chinese Exclusion act) and Australia (White Australia Policy) 2) Corruption in Confucian Scholar Gentry (cheating/ bribes). 3) public works neglected- un repaired dikes-> floods. EXTERNAL THREATS: Increasing industrial production, Brit. E I Co. Turn to opium.
Framework- Neo Confucians conservative.
Opium Wars
Book- 1839- 40,000 chests imported by Chinese. British make them addicted to it. They realize it’s a major threat to economy and social order.
Notes: CAUSES- no smuggling opium, opium illegal, Brit. Want silver/ luxury items. British East India Companies trying to make profit. EFFECTS- China defeated. Rest of Europeans take cities because they saw how easy it was for the British to beat them. Economic imperialism. China loses war/ port cities.
Atlas- British smuggle opium into HONG KONG, MACAO, and CANTON.
Framework- British and French expand their influence through this.
Taiping Rebellion
Book- led by Hong Xiuquan. Increased Chinese stresses of society and drained resources. Rebellion on West.
Notes- people fight because the gov was ineffective and the gov lost the mandate from. Heaven. (1850- 1864)
Framework- Influenced by Religion, millenarianism (belief of a future)
Self-Strengthening Movement
Book- dynamic provincial powers most responsible. Countering challenge from West. Gentry’s efforts.
Notes- (1860-1895) blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology. Gov continued Confucian. Gov tried to sponsor state run railroads, factories, shipyards, and schools. Movement FAILS. Resistance by Conservatives (Neo- Confucians)
Framework- State sponsored visions of industrialism
Boxer Rebellion
Book- popular outburst aimed at expelling foreigners from China. It’s failure led to even greater control over China’s internal affairs by the Europeans. Decrease in power of officials.
Notes- anti Europe, anti Christian. Brought because of Europe’s economic imperialism on China.
Framework- Anti Colonial movements because of the questioning of political authority.
Ottoman Empire
Notes- inept Sultans allowed internal struggles- 1) gov divided: Ulama (Muslim leaders) vs. Janissary Army. 2) provincial governors and local nobles steal tax money. 3) military has no money for European Tech. 4) Austrian Empire takes back Hungary, Greeks rebel (1820), Balkans (1804), Egypt now controlled by Muhammad Ali. 5) Urban riots b/c loss of money from competition with Europe.
Framework- Continued conservatives.
Contraction of the Ottoman Empire- establishment of the independent states in the Balkans. Semi- independence in Egypt, French and Italian Colonies in North Africa. Later British Influence in Egypt.
