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Geography > Population Change > Flashcards

Population Change Flashcards

1
Q

What is natural decrease?

A

The death rate exceeds the birth rate.

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2
Q

What is zero growth?

A

A population in balance. Birth rate is equal to death rate, so there is no growth or decrease.

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3
Q

What is exponential growth?

A

A pattern where the growth rate constantly increases.

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4
Q

What is birth rate?

A

The number of babies born per 1,000 people per year.

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5
Q

What is death rate?

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

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6
Q

What is natural change?

A

The difference between birth rate and death rate, expressed as a percentage.

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7
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The number of years a person is expected to live, usually taken from birth.

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8
Q

On a graph, what does exponential growth look like?

A

A J curve

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9
Q

On a graph, what does zero growth look like?

A

An S curve which normally follows a J curve representing exponential growth.

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10
Q

Why might in one year the death rate of a country change dramatically?

A

There may be an epidemic flu, war or a famine/drought causing the death rate to increase significantly.

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11
Q

Why do we use natural change?

A

To see if a countries population is increasing of declining.

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12
Q

What is natural increase?

A

The birth rate exceeds the death rate.

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13
Q

What factors affect the level of DR? (7)

A
  • Quality of the health care and medical facilities
  • Nutrition levels
  • Living standard
  • Access to clean drinking water
  • Hygiene levels
  • Levels of infectious diseases
  • Social factors such as conflicts and levels of violent crime
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14
Q

What are newly industrialising countries (NICs)?

A

These include the Asian ‘Tigers’ as well as other emerging industrial nations such as Malaysia, the Philippines and China.

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15
Q

What are the Asian Tigers?

A

One of the four East Asian countries of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, where manufacturing industry grew rapidly from the 1960s to the 1990s.

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16
Q

What are the five stages of the demographic transition model?

A 
1- High fluctuating
2-Early expanding
3-Late expanding
4-Low fluctuating
5-Natural decrease
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17
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 1 (high fluctuating) On a demographic transition model?

A
  • High birth rate
  • High death rate
  • Both fluctuate because of disease, war and famine
  • Low fairly stable population
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 2 (Early expanding) On a demographic transition model?

A
  • Death rate decreases
  • Birth rate remains high
  • Population grows
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of a stage 3 (late expanding) on a demographic transition model?

A
  • Birth rate drops rapidly
  • Death rate continues to decrease but more slowly
  • Population still grows but not quite as fast
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 4 (Low fluctuating) On a demographic transition model?

A
  • Low birth rate
  • Low death rate
  • Birth rate tends to fluctuate depending on the economic situation
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 5 (natural decrease) On a demographic transition model?

A
  • Birth rate very low and goes below the death rate
  • Death rate has slightly increased because of an ageing population
  • Total population starts to decrease
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22
Q

Give an example of a stage 1 country.

A

There are no more countries, just traditional rainforest tribes

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23
Q

Give an example of a stage 2 country.

A

Afghanistan

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24
Q

Give three examples of stage 3 countries.

A

India, Kenya, Brazil

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25
Q

Give three examples of stage 4 countries.

A

USA, France, UK

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26
Q

Give three examples of stage 5 countries.

A

Italy, Germany and Japan.

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 1 countries?

A

High fluctuating stage occurs in a society where there is little medicine, low life expectancy and no means of birth control.

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 2 countries?

A

From stage 1 to stage 2, there is a decrease in death rate and increase in life expectancy. This is due to improvements in medicine and hygiene which cure some diseases and prevent them. The population has increased. Most economies in stage 2 are predominately agriculture. Children are needed to work on the fields and therefore birth rates are high.

29
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 3 countries?

A

The death rate continues to fall, but more slowly. The key feature at the start of stage three is the decrease in birth rates, which is often quite rapid due to availability of birth control and economic changes. As a country developers children become economic costs instead of economic benefits (they go to school instead of working)

30
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 4 countries?

A

Birth rates and death are both low. It is the low fluctuating stage. When the economy is growing and people have jobs and earn a good living, they are more likely to afford children. Whereas in times of unemployment and low wages, people tend to postpone having children until times are better. Overall there is population growth but it is slow and fluctuates.

31
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 5 countries?

A

The death rate rises because the population includes more elderly people. Birth rates are decreasing because in some countries like Eastern Europe an uncertain economy discourages people from having children. While in some countries, often Western Europe, women are deciding to be childless or postpone childbirth to become successful in their work, as opportunities have opened up to women now.

32
Q

What does replacement rate mean?

A

A birth rate high enough for a generation to be the same size as one before it.

33
Q

What are the main factors affecting population growth?

A
  • Agricultural change
  • Urbanisation
  • Education
  • Emancipation and status of women
34
Q

How does agricultural change affect population growth?

A

As technology is improves in different countries it saves labour. This frees some workers for industry and overtime as the economy grows improving the technology even more, smaller families become desirable.

35
Q

How does urbanisation affect population growth?

A

Rural to urban migration is common in poorer countries as cities are believed to have greater opportunity. One major reason for the migration is to seek better educational opportunities for children. Children’s labour is therefore less value in cities than in rural areas and again birth rates decrease because of it.

36
Q

How does education affect population growth?

A

As levels of educational achievement increase, bringing improved standard of living, children become an economic disadvantage. Fewer children means parents have more money to be spent on each other, giving them better future chances. Many parents in poor countries see education as their child’s best chances in life.

37
Q

How does the emancipation and status of women affect population growth?

A

As economies develop and education improves, opportunities for girls increases alongside those for boys. With development a larger workforce is required, som women must participate more in paid work outside the home. Reaching a good standard of living requires two incomes and therefore women are working now. Equality now accepts women to hold high positions. This means that families are becoming smaller or women are deciding to not have families to pursue their careers.

38
Q

What is a population pyramid?

A

Is a type of bar graph used to show the age and gender structure of a country, city or other area.

39
Q

What is age structure?

A

The proportions of each age group in a population. This links closely to the stage a country has reached in the demographic transition model.

40
Q

What is gender structure?

A

The balance between males and females in a population. Small differences can tell us a great deal about a country or city.

41
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

The number of babies that die under a year of age, per 1,000 live births.

42
Q

What is child mortality?

A

The number of children that die under 5 years of age, per 1,000 live births

43
Q

What does Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year divided by its total population. Foreign income is not included.

44
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

The percentage of adults in a country who can read and write sufficiently to function fully in work and society.

45
Q

What are the problems with an ageing population?

A
  • Demand for Health care increases because more illnesses occur in old age (government has to find more funding)
  • Social services (expensive)
  • Pension crisis - Proportion of working people is decreasing, so taxes are having to be increased to pay the pension bill.
46
Q

What are the benefits of an ageing population?

A

Young retired people contribute a great deal to the economy because they are relatively wealthy and have lots of leisure time.

47
Q

What is dependency ratio? What is the formula?

A

The balance between people who are independent (work and pay tax) and those who depend on them. Ideally, the fewer dependants for each independent person, the better off economically a country is. Here is the formula :
(Number of dependent people/Number of independent people)x100

48
Q

What are push and pull factors?

A

Push factors are the negative impacts of a place that encourage people to move away. Pull factors are the attractions and the opportunities of a place that encourage people to move there.

49
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people from one permanent home to another, with the intention of staying at least one year. This move may be within a country (national migration) or between countries (international migration).

50
Q

What is a host country/destination?

A

The country where a migrant settles.

51
Q

What is the country of origin?

A

The country from which a migration starts.

52
Q

What is an immigrant?

A

Someone entering a new country with the intention of living there.

53
Q

What is an emigrant?

A

Someone leaving their country of residence to move to another country.

54
Q

What is an economic migrant?

A

Someone trying to improve their standard of living, who move voluntarily.

55
Q

What is a choropleth map?

A

A map where areas are shaded to show a range of figures. The higher categories are shown in darker colours and the colours get lighter as the figures reduce.

56
Q

What is a pro nationalist policy?

A

A policy which aims to encourage more births through the use of incentives.

57
Q

What does a population pyramid show us?

A
  • Infant mortality
  • Dependent ratio (Young dependants/old dependents/economically active)
  • Life expectancy (whether it is high or not)
  • Whether the population is growing or declining
  • Birth rates
  • Death rates
  • Sex ratio
  • Whether it is a MEDC or LEDC
58
Q

What are asylum seekers?

A

People who belief their lives are at risk if they remain in their home country and who seek to settle in another (safe) country.

59
Q

What are possible push factors for international migration?

A

Low income, natural disasters, housing shortages, poor health care, high unemployment, intolerance, difficult climate and political and social unrest.

60
Q

What are possible pull factors for international migration?

A

Job prospects, good health care, high standard of living, improved housing, racial/ religious tolerance, attractive environments, high wages and educational opportunities.

61
Q

What are the advantages of international migration for the country of origin/host country?

A
  • Migrant workers often send money back to their country of origin to help their families
  • Unemployment is reduced as people are moving
  • Returning workers are skilled
  • Economic benefits and housing shortage problems are solved
62
Q

What are the advantages of international migration for the country of destination?

A
  • Job vacancies and skilled gaps can be filled
  • Economic growth due to tax being payed
  • Services to an ageing population can be maintained when there is enough independents
  • The pension gap can be filled by contribution of new workers
  • Immigrants bring energy and innovation and host countries are enriched by cultural diversity.
63
Q

What are the disadvantages of international migration for the country of origin/host country?

A
  • Economic disadvantage through loss of young workers
  • Loss of highly trained people especially health workers
  • Social problems for children left behind or growing up without a wider family cycle.
64
Q

What are the disadvantages of international migration for the country of destination?

A
  • Migrants might work for a lower income therefore meaning they would get the job over locals.
  • Migrants may be exploited.
  • Increases in population can put pressure on public services.
  • Unemployment might rise
  • There may be integration difficulties and friction with local people.
  • Large movements of people lead to more security monitoring.
  • Ease of movement may facilitate organised crime and people trafficking.
  • Housing shortages
65
Q

What are the two types of migrant?

A
  • Moving between countries

- Those coming in from beyond the borders.

66
Q

What type of countries usually receive immigrants searching for work and a better lifestyle?

A

Wealthier countries

67
Q

Why did so many Poles move to the UK since 2004 after they joined the EU?

A
  • Most found formal jobs with much better may than they would receive at home. Poles would earn on average 5 times as more as they would at home, while the cost of living in the UK is only twice that of Poland’s.
  • Some migrants managed to get away without paying tax.
  • UK has free health care and education
68
Q

What is transmigration?

A

A population policy that aims to move people from densely populated areas to provide them with opportunities to improve the quality of their lives.

Geography (10 decks)

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