4_7PregnancyParturition

Question 1

What are the components to the polyspermy blockade?

Answer 1

fast block and slow block

Question 2

What occurs during the fast block to polyspermy

Answer 2

Ca influx through granulosa membrane

Question 3

What occurs during the slow block to polyspermy

Answer 3

exocytosis releases multiple cortical granules to harden zona surface

Question 4

How many cells in a zygote?

Answer 4

2

Question 5

How many cells in a blastocyst?

Answer 5

100

Question 6

When does the blastocyste reach the uterus?

Answer 6

day 5

Question 7

When does the blastocyst implant

Answer 7

day 7

Question 8

What is required for ciliary beating and ovum transport?

Answer 8

progesterone

Question 9

What is decidua?

Answer 9

uterine epithelial secretions containing lipid and glycogen

Question 10

When does the transition to placental nutrition occur?

Answer 10

week 10

Question 11

How does the placenta account for increased nutrient demand with increasing duration of pregnancy?

Answer 11

increase Pe (larger SA, smaller h of membrane)

Question 12

maternal PO2 in placenta

Answer 12

50 mmHg

Question 13

fetal pO2 in placenta

Answer 13

30 mmHg

Question 14

What factors cause a right-shift in the Hb O2 saturation curve?

Answer 14

H, CO2, T, BPG

Question 15

What is BPG?

Answer 15

a metabolic byproduct that the baby doesn’t have

Question 16

What is the double bohr effect?

Answer 16

effects on Mom’s Hb (lower affinity) and fetal Hb (higher affinity) increase O2 transfer

Question 17

What nutrients diffuse down the concentration gradient to the fetus?

Answer 17

1) glucose, 2) K, 3) Na, 4) Cl, 5) FA’s (soluble)

Question 18

What waste products diffuse down concentration gradient?

Answer 18

CO2, urea, creatinine

Question 19

What hormones does the embryo secrete?

Answer 19

hCG

Question 20

What hormones does the placenta secrete?

Answer 20

estrogens, progesterone, hCS

Question 21

What is the function of estrogens?

Answer 21

uterus growth, breast development, pelvic ligament relaxation

Question 22

What are the effects of placental progesterones?

Answer 22

breast development, uterine smooth muscle hyperplasia

Question 23

What are the functions of hCS?

Answer 23

1) breast development, 2) weak GH-like effects on fetus, 3) maternal insulin resistance

Question 24

What are mom’s responses to pregnancy?

Answer 24

1) BMR up 15%, 2) increased RR, 3) protein, Ca, PO4, Fe storage early, 4) increased BV and CO, 5) formation of amniotic fluid

Question 25

What vitamins/minerals should be given to mom as supplement?

Answer 25

Ca, PO4, Fe, K, D, folate

Question 26

Describe electrolyte and water turnover in amniotic fluid.

Answer 26

Na/K replaced q15h; H2O q3h

Question 27

How is amniotic fluid formed?

Answer 27

generated mainly from fetal kidney

Question 28

What are the 3 components of labor?

Answer 28

1) Braxton-Hicks contractions; 2) positive feedback loop; 3) separation of the placenta

Question 29

What is the usual amount of blood lost in delivery?

Answer 29

350 mL

Question 30

Describe the positive feedback loop in labor?

Answer 30

cervical stretching = more excitable uterus; cycle broken when cervix relaxes after birth

Question 31

What factors stimulate birth?

Answer 31

1) excitable uterus (more E2 than P4; upregulation of OT receptors; more OT secretion + fetal PGF2alpha); 2) mechanical stretch (myogenic response due to uterine muscle stretch, cervical stretch)

Question 32

What is relaxin?

Answer 32

a hormone from the corpus luteum that is structurally similar to insulin; serves to soften pubic symphysis

Question 33

What are the symptoms of preeclampsia?

Answer 33

1) increased BP due to Na/H2O retention; 2) proteinuria; 3) arterial spasm

Question 34

What is ecclampsia?

Answer 34

a severe form of preeclampsia late in pregnancy that can cause convulsions and coma

Question 35

How is ecclampsia treated?

Answer 35

vasodilation and delivery

Question 36

What are the risk factors for preeclampsia?

Answer 36

1) previous preeclampsia, 2) obesity, 3) HTN, 4) 40+ yo, 5) antiphospholipid syndrome

Question 37

What are the causes of preeclampsia?

Answer 37

ROS leading to increased BP: 1) impaired trophoblast differentiation early in term; or, 2) microvillus overcrowding in the placenta

Question 38

What is the function of embryonic hCG?

Answer 38

1) maternal recognition of pregnancy, 2) support corpus luteum to maintain progesterone