4A.2 Changing Places

Question 1

historically where were specialist function places located and why?

Answer 1

places such as banks, department stores, council offices and doctors surgeries were classed as high-order functions
they were located in larger settlements

Question 2

historically, where were lower-order function places located and why?

Answer 2

places such as grocer’s shops, post boxes and pubs
found in small villages

Question 3

how has the internet changed the landscapes of these functions?

Answer 3

as de-industrialisation occurs, and broadband services are more widely used, customer habits have changed
-for example the retail services have been transformed by online sh9pping, click and collect and online banking which have negatively affected high streets
-also giving rise to out-of-town shopping, and ‘destination retail’ areas

Question 4

what changing economic functions can places have?

Answer 4

-administrative: council offices, schools, public services
-commercial: offices of service industries such as legal services, accountants
-retail: shops of all sizes
-industrial: factories, warehouses and distribution centres

Question 5

what changing demographic characteristics can a place have?

Answer 5

-gentrification
-age structure
-ethnic composition
-studentification

Question 6

how are demographic characteristics reflected in towns?

Answer 6

employment trends, land-use patterns, levels of inequality and deprivation

Question 7

what % of reading residents were white British in 2011?

Answer 7

65%

Question 8

what % of Middlesborough residents were white British in 2011?

Answer 8

86%

Question 9

what does the difference in ethnic composition between Reading and Middlesborough suggest?

Answer 9

greater ethnic diversity in Reading suggests a more successful place has attracted economic migrants

Question 10

gentrification

Answer 10

a change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location
-upgrade residential and retail characteristics to deliberately attract people of a higher social status and income

Question 11

describe the processes that drive gentrification

Answer 11

1. affluent people move into an area
2. new money in the area leads to improvement in the place
3. landlords will increase the price of rent
4. people who lived there before are priced out
5. overall value of the area increases

Question 12

ethnic composition

Answer 12

the ethnic group make-up of a population
-in the UK the main groups are white, Asian and black

Question 13

what is Brighton’s overarching function as an example?

Answer 13

tourism

Question 14

what is Canary Wharf’s overarching function as an example?

Answer 14

banking
-known as the glass the steel headquarters of London’s global financial centre

Question 15

how has the UK’s function changed over time

Answer 15

early history
-metal work, early trade flows using canals

1800s
-heavy steel industry, UK migration, manufacturing goods, rural-urban migration

1960s
-light engineering e.g. cars, assembly services, manufacturing
-global shift

2000s
-urban tourism focus, EU citizens arrive
-tourist and investment flows, data flows
-improved transportation for travel

Question 16

when did the UK primarily experience the global shift?

Answer 16

1980-90s
-manufacturing/ service activities

Question 17

London’s wider economic function aside from admin

Answer 17

it is a national and international centre for education, media and communications networks
-also medical and legal facilities and culture, tourism and entertainment

Question 18

how are rural areas changing function?
(what is changing?)

Answer 18

loss of shops and pubs, and the growth of commuter villages

decline of agricultural employment, replaced with the growth of tourism

farm diversification