4d

Question 1

wells

Answer 1

top of the gel where the DNA is loaded

Question 2

terminals of wells

Answer 2

positive and negative terminals

Question 3

the larger the fragement(

Answer 3

the higher up on the negative strand of the gel that is will stay

Question 4

first well contains

Answer 4

known bases

Question 5

know how to analayse a gel sample practice and alyasing pedigreses, dna profiling

Question 6

gel electrophoresis

Answer 6

laboratory technique used to measure the size of DNA fragments

Question 7

charge of DNA

Answer 7

negatively charged

Question 8

why does the agarrose gel in gel electrophoresis have allow for the movement of DNA from the negative to the positive side

Answer 8

it has lots of pores to let DNA seap through from move from the negative to the positive electrode.

Question 9

a standard latter pattern is seen in electorpheroeiss

Answer 9

smaller molecules migrate faster and furhter from the origin

Question 10

longer strands= postive or negative?

short strands is psotiive or negative??

Answer 10

longer strand is negative side because it will take a longer time to travel from the negative side to the positive side through the gel.

Shorter strands are on the positive side because it will take a shorter amount of time to travel from the negative to the positive through side the gel.

Question 11

what colour does the DNA be under the UV light in gel electrophoresis

Answer 11

pink

Question 12

steps of gel electrophoresis

Answer 12

1) DNA samples placed in wells, lane 1 contains standard known sizes, placed on negative end.

2) After loading, buffer solution is added to help conduct electrical current. Positive and negative electrode is connected and electricity is turned on.

3) 30-60 minutes later,DNA will move due to DNA being negatively chargedbecause of their phsophate group

4) DNA is now separated based on fragment size, flurocent pink dye is usually added to see bands on gel under a UV light

Question 13

3. purpose of gel electropheisis (e.g. how can it be used in paterny testing or a crime scene)

Answer 13

dna profiling and genrtic testiing

Question 14

6. why does dna move from negative to positive end

Answer 14

the polar attraction between the negative nad postive electrode.

Question 15

4. purpose of the standard ladder with known sizes

Answer 15

This is used as a standard baseline against which the size of the dna fragments in the samples can be compared to as dna fragments do not always travel the same distance in the gel

Question 16

what is a standard ladder in gel electrophoresis and why is it used

Answer 16

a standard ladder contains dna fragments of multiple different known sizes. This is used as a standard baseline against which the size of the dna fragments in the samples can be compared to as dna fragments do not always travel the same distance in the gel

Question 17

2) what factors affect the movement of dna through the gel electrophoresis (list 4)

Answer 17

time
voltage
gel composition
buffer concentration

Question 18

why does time affect the movmenet of dna htorugh gel electropheorisi

Answer 18

increased time of electrophoresis (i.e. increased time of electrical current application) the further the dna will travel in the gel

Question 19

why does gel compostion affect the movmenet of dna htorugh gel electropheorisi

Answer 19

higher density of gel composition/increased concentration of agarose gel will result in a slower movement of large dna fragments

Question 20

what is voltage

Answer 20

refers to the electrical force applied across the gel, facilitating the movement of charged DNA molecules towards the positive electrode.

Question 21

why does voltage affect the movmenet of dna htorugh gel electropheorisi

Answer 21

the greater the voltage/electrical force, the further the dna fragments travel
voltage gel

Question 22

why does bufferconcentration affect the movmenet of dna htorugh gel electropheorisi

Answer 22

the highre buffer cocnetraiton, the higher the elctroal force therefore the higher movement of dna frgaments through the gel electrophersis ot the positive electrode and vice versa

Question 23

autosomal domiant recessive and domiant

Answer 23

autosomal dominant inheritance means that only one copy of the dominant allele is needed to express the trait or disorder, while autosomal recessive inheritance requires two copies of the recessive allele for the trait or disorder to be expressed

Question 24

what cuts insulin

Answer 24

endonucleeases

Question 25

what bonds does ligasse form between the dna

Answer 25

phosphodiester bond

Question 26

compare the different bonds.

Question 27

when does gel elceotphroesis occur

Answer 27

Used after the use of restriction enzymes and PCR

Question 28

how does gel electrophoresisi occur shortanswer question

Answer 28

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA fragments, then fragments are placed in a gel. Electrical current is used to separate DNA based on size

Question 29

what is gel electrophoresis used for

Answer 29

Forensics analysis
DNA profiling
Paternity testing
Test for genetic disorder