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GCSE PE > 4th form structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system > Flashcards

4th form structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what happens at the nose and mouth

A

air enters the body through the nose and mouth

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2
Q

what happens at the trachea

A

air from the nose and mouth enters the wind pipe called the trachea. the trachea is surrounded by rings of cartilage to keep its shape and prevent it collapsing

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3
Q

what happens at the bronchi

A

air travels from the trachea and to each lung via a bronchus . bronchi is the term for both the left and right bronchus. the passage of air gets smaller and smaller

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4
Q

what happens at the bronchioles

A

the smaller airways that branch off the bronchi are called bronchioles. bronchioles branch out throughout the lungs and carry the air from the bronchi to the alveoli

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5
Q

what happens at the alveoli

A

the bronchioles carry the air to the alveoli which are tiny air sacs. they are attached to the bronchioles. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at the alveoli

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6
Q

what is the trachea surrounded by

A

rings of cartilage

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7
Q

why is the trachea surrounded by rings of cartilage

A

to keep its shape and prevent it from collapsing

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8
Q

where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur

A

at the alveoli

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9
Q

what features assist gas exchange

A
  • alveoli have very tiny air sacs with moist thin walls that are only one cell thick
  • alveoli have a very large surface area
  • alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries which provides a large blood supply
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10
Q

explain the process of gas exchange

A
  • gases move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. if there is more oxygen in the alveoli than the capillaries oxygen will move into the capillaries
  • oxygen is diffused into the blood. it binds with the haemoglobin in the blood to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • oxyhaemoglobin is transported to the working muscles where it is used for aerobic activity
  • during aerobic activity carbon dioxide is produced this is removed from the muscles by haemoglobin
  • gaseous exchange occurs at the alveoli (- cappillaries and capillaries - muscle tissue)
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11
Q

what is gas exchange

A

the spreading out of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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12
Q

what are the three blood vessels

A

artery
vein
capillary

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13
Q

features of the artery

A

thick muscular walls
thick elastic walls
small lumen
carry blood at high pressure
carry blood away from the heart
usually carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)

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14
Q

what pressure does the artery carry blood at

A

high pressure

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15
Q

does the artery carry blood to or away from the heart

A

away

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16
Q

features of the vein

A

thin walls
large lumen
carry blood at low pressure
contain valves
mainly carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)

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17
Q

what pressure does the vein carry blood at

A

low pressure

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18
Q

does the vein carry blood to or away from the heart

A

to

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19
Q

features of the capillary

A

very thin walls - one cell thick
small lumen
link smaller arteries with small veins
allow gaseous exchange
carry blood at low pressure

20
Q

what pressure does the capillary carry blood at

A

low

21
Q

what is blood redistribution

A

when we exercise,blood is redistributed. the working muscles need more oxygen than other inactive areas of the body (such as the stomach). blood is diverted away from inactive areas to the working muscles

22
Q

why does blood get redistributed

A

the working muscles need more oxygen than other inactive areas of the body (such as the stomach).

23
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

the blood vessels constrict to make them smaller. chemical changes signal the nervous system to constrict blood vessels to inactive areas

24
Q

what is vasodilation

A

the blood vessels dilate to make them bigger. chemical changes signal the nervous system to dilate blood vessels that supply active areas

25
Q

the cardiac cycle - the pathway of blood

A
  • the right atrium contracts (systole) ejecting deoxygenated blood through a valve and into the right ventricle
  • the right ventricle is relaxed (diastole) and fills with deoxygenated blood
  • the right ventricle contracts (systole) pushing the deoxygentated blood through valves to the pulmonary artery
  • the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs. the blood becomes oxygenated
  • the pulmonary vein transports the oxygenated blood back to the heart and into the left atrium, which fills with oxygenated blood
  • the left atrium contracts (systole) ejecting oxygenated blood through a valve and into the left ventricle
  • the left ventricle is relaxed(diastole) and fills with oxygenated blood
  • the left ventricle contracts (systole) pushing the oxygenated blood through valves to the aorta
  • the aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to the working muscles the blood then become deoxygenated
  • the vena cava is the main vein bringing the deoxygenated blood back to the heart and into the right atrium
26
Q

what happens in inspiration

A

the diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles contract. the external intercoastal muscles raise the ribs upwards and outwards. this increases the volume of the chest cavity and causes air to rush into the lungs

27
Q

what do the diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles do during inhalation

A

contract

28
Q

what do the external intercoastal muscles do to the ribs during inhalation

A

move them upwards and outwards

29
Q

what happens to the volume of the chest cavity during inhalation

A

it increases which causes air to rush into the lungs

30
Q

what happens in expiration

A

the diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles relax, the internal intercoastals contract. this lowers the ribs downwards and inwards. this decreases the volume pf the chest cavity and causes the air to be forced out the lungs

31
Q

what do the diaphragm and intercoastal muscles do during exhalation

A

diaphragm and external intercoastal muscles relax
internal intercoastals contract

32
Q

what happens to the ribs during exhalation

A

they lower downwards and inwards

33
Q

what happens to the volume of the chest cavity during exhalation

A

it decreases the volume of the chest cavity and causes the air to be forced out of the lungs

34
Q

what happens during inspiration in exercise

A

the pectorals and sternocleidomastoid muscles raise the sternum allowing the lungs to expland further

35
Q

what happens during expiration in exercise

A

the rib cage is pulled down quicker due to the contraction of the abdominal muscles

36
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

37
Q

what is cardiac output

A

amount of blood leaving the heart per minute

38
Q

what is stroke volume

A

amount of blood being ejected from the heart per beat

39
Q

what is heart rate

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute

40
Q

explaining heart rate graph that rises then stays similar then falls

A

A = heart rate is at its lowest at rest
B = immediately before exercise resting heart rate will increase. this is called an anticipatory rise; this is due to the release of the hormone adrenaline
C = when you start to exercise the heart rate increases sharply. this is due to the demand of oxygen. cardiac output increases
D = during continuous exercise heart rate levels because the heart rate is sustaining the amount of oxygen needed
E = immediately after exercise heart rate decreases sharply, this is because exercise has stopped and the demand for oxygen has reduced
F = heart rate slowly returns to its resting rate

41
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the amount of air inspired (inhaled) or expired (exhaled) in a normal breath

42
Q

what is vital capacity

A

the maximum amount of air the lungs can expire (breathe out) after the maximum inspiration (breathe in)

43
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled. in addition to tidal volume

44
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled. in addition to tidal volume

45
Q

what is residual volume

A

the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a forced maximal exhalation

46
Q

what happens to breathing during exercise

A

tidal volume during exercise increases. breathing rate and depth increase due to meet the demand of oxygen, carbon dioxide is also removed

GCSE PE (13 decks)

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