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GCSE PE > 4th form structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

4th form structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

bones of the skeleton

A

cranium
clavicle
sternum
vertebrae
ribs
humerus
scapula
radius
ulna
pelvis
femur
patella
fibula
tibia
talus

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2
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton

A
  • protection of vital organs
  • structural shape and muscle attachment
  • formation of joints for movement
  • blood cell production
  • store of minerals
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3
Q

example of protection of vital organs

A

cranium protects the brain when heading a ball in football

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4
Q

what is structural shape and muscle contraction

A

your skeleton provides support by providing a structural shape for muscles and tissues to attach

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5
Q

what is formation of joints for movement

A

bones provide anchors for muscles to attach. tendons attach muscles to bones. muscles pull on bones to create movement

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6
Q

what is blood cell protection

A

red blood cells carry oxygen. white blood cells fight infection. platelets clot blood

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7
Q

what is store of minerals

A

calcium and phosphorus is stored in the bones to keep them strong

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8
Q

what are long bones

A

they enable gross movements (by working as levers) - they are longer than they are wide

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9
Q

examples of long bones

A

humerus
ulna
radius
femur
fibula
tibia

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10
Q

what are short bones

A

allow fine and controlled movements - as wide as they are long

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11
Q

examples of short bones

A

tarsals
carpals

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12
Q

what are flat bones

A

protect organs or offer a broad surface for muscles to attach to

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13
Q

examples of flat bones

A

cranium
sternum
ribs
scapula
pelvis

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14
Q

what are the two types of freely movable joints

A

hinge joint
ball and socket joint

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15
Q

what is a hinge joint

A

found at the elbow, knee and ankle, allows flexion and extension

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16
Q

what is a ball and socket joint

A

found at the hip and shoulder, allows flexion,extension, abduction, adduction,rotation and circumduction

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17
Q

what is flexion

A

decreasing the angle of two or more bones that form a joint - bending movement

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18
Q

what is extension

A

increasing the angle of two or more bones that form a joint - straightening movement

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19
Q

what is abduction

A

the movement of limbs away from the midline of the body

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20
Q

what is adduction

A

the movement of limbs towards the midline of the body

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21
Q

what is plantar flexion

A

movement at the ankle where toes are pointed downwards

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22
Q

what is dorsiflexion

A

movement at the ankle where the toes are pulled upwards towards the knee

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23
Q

what is rotation

A

turning a limb along its axis

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24
Q

what is circumduction

A

movement of a limb around a joint in a circular motion

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25
Q

what bones form the elbow joint

A

humerus, ulna, radius

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26
Q

what type of joint is the elbow

A

hinge

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27
Q

what bones form the knee joint

A

femur
tibia
fibula

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28
Q

what type of joint is the knee

A

hinge

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29
Q

what bones form the hip joint

A

pelvis
femur

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30
Q

what type of joint is the hip

A

ball and socket

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31
Q

what bones form the ankle joint

A

tibia
talus
fibula

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32
Q

what type of joint is the ankle

A

hinge

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33
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

lubricates and reduces friction of the joint it supplies nutrients and removes waste products

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34
Q

what is the synovial membrane

A

contains and releases synovial fluid

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35
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

prevents bones from rubbing and acts as a shock absorber

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36
Q

what is a joint capsule

A

surrounds the synovial joint it protects and stabilises the joint

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37
Q

what is a ligament

A

joins bone to bone, helps stabilise the joint

38
Q

what is bursae

A

fluid filled sacs that provides a cushion between the tendons and bones reducing friction

39
Q

name voluntary muscles in the body

A

pectorialis major
deltoid
rotator cuff
latissimus dorsi
bicep
tricep
abdominals
hip flexors
gluteus maximus
quadriceps
hamstrings
tibialis anterior
gastrocnemius

40
Q

where is the deltoid located

A

muscle on top of the upper arm and top of the shoulder

41
Q

what is the function of the deltoid

A

move the upper arm (shoulder) in all directions

42
Q

sporting example using the deltoid

A

serve in tennis
front crawl
cricket bowling

43
Q

where is the latissimus dorsi located

A

back muscle from the lower spine to the upper arm

44
Q

what is the function of the latissimus dorsi

A

adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder

45
Q

sporting example using the latissimus dorsi

A

butterfly stroke
pull ups
rowing stroke

46
Q

where is the rotator cuff located

A

on the scapula in the shoulder

47
Q

what is the function of the rotator cuff

A

rotation of the shoulder

48
Q

sporting example using the rotator cuff

A

bowling in cricket
swimming front crawl

49
Q

where is the pectorialis major located

A

muscle covering the chest

50
Q

what is the function of the pectorialis major

A

adducts the arm at the shoulder

51
Q

sporting example using the pectorialis major

A

forehand shot
hand off in rugby
boxing hook

52
Q

where are the abdominals located

A

side of the abdomen

53
Q

what is the function of the abdominals

A

pulls the chest downwards
flexion of the spinal column

54
Q

sporting example using the abdominals

A

crunches
sit ups

55
Q

where is the bicep located

A

front of the upper arm

56
Q

what is the function of the bicep

A

elbow flexion - bending

57
Q

sporting example using the bicep

A

boxing uppercut
preparing to throw a javelin

58
Q

where is the tricep located

A

back of upper arm

59
Q

what is the function of the tricep

A

elbow extension - straightening

60
Q

where is the gluteus maximus located

A

forms the buttocks

61
Q

what is the function of the gluteus maximus

A

adducts and extends the hips pulling the legs backwards

62
Q

sporting example using the gluteus maximus

A

pull the legs back before kicking a ball

63
Q

where are the hip flexors located

A

front of the hip

64
Q

what is the function of the hip flexors

A

flexes the hip, moves the hip upwards

65
Q

sporting example using the hip flexors

A

lifting the knees when sprinting

66
Q

where are the quadriceps located

A

front of upper leg

67
Q

what is the function of the quadriceps

A

knee extension - straightening

68
Q

sporting example using the quadriceps

A

kicking a ball
jumping upwards on a lay-up shot

69
Q

where are the hamstrings located

A

back of upper leg

70
Q

what is the function of the hamstrings

A

knee flexion - bending

71
Q

where is the gastrocnemius located

A

calf muscle, attached by the achilles tendon

72
Q

what is the function of the gastrocnemius

A

plantar flexion - point the toes

73
Q

sporting example using the gastrocnemius

A

running
diving
gymnastics

74
Q

where is the tibialis anterior located

A

muscle that runs down the shin

75
Q

what is the function of the tibialis anterior

A

dorsi flexion - pulls the toes upwards

76
Q

sporting example using the tibialis anterior

A

ski jumping
hurdling

77
Q

what is an antagonistic pair

A

pairs of muscles that work against each other

78
Q

what is an antagonistic muscle action

A

as one muscle contracts, the second relaxes

79
Q

give examples of antagonistic pairs

A

biceps and triceps
quadriceps and hamstrings
hip flexors and gluteus maximus
gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior

80
Q

name the agonist and antagonist in the upward phase of a bicep curl

A

when we bend the elbow - flexion- the biceps contract and the triceps relax
agonist = biceps
antagonist = triceps

81
Q

name the agonist and antagonist when straightening the arm to punch

A

when we straighten the elbow (extension) the triceps contract and the biceps relax
agonist = triceps
antagonist = biceps

82
Q

what is an isometric contraction

A

muscle action / contraction where the muscle stays the same length so does not cause movement

83
Q

give an example of an isometric contraction

A

holding a balance:
plank

84
Q

what is an isotonic contraction

A

muscle action / contraction where the muscle changes length which causes movement

85
Q

give an example of an isotonic contraction

A

running and jumping

86
Q

are concentric and eccentric contractions isometric or isotonic

A

both isotonic contractions

87
Q

what is a concentric contraction

A

isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens (upward phase)

88
Q

what direction is a concentric contraction in

A

upwards

89
Q

what is an eccentric contraction

A

isotonic muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens (downwards phase)

90
Q

what direction is an eccentric contraction in

A

downward

91
Q

what type of contraction is the upward phase of a bicep curl

A

biceps are contracting concentrically

92
Q

what type of contraction is the downward phase of a bicep curl

A

biceps are contracting eccentrically

GCSE PE (13 decks)

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