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IGCSE Chemistry > 4th form stuff that I struggle with > Flashcards

4th form stuff that I struggle with Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What happens to energy during melting and boiling?

A

Energy is absorbed (endothermic) to break bonds between particles.

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2
Q

What is the energy change during condensation and freezing?

A

Energy is released (exothermic) as particles form stronger bonds.

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3
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Change from solid directly to gas without becoming a liquid.

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4
Q

What is deposition in chemistry?

A

Change from gas directly to solid.

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5
Q

How can you tell if a substance is pure?

A

It has a sharp, fixed melting and boiling point.

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6
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

Separating insoluble solids from liquids.

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7
Q

What is crystallisation used for?

A

Forming pure solid crystals from a solution.

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8
Q

What is simple distillation used for?

A

Separating a solvent from a solution.

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9
Q

What is fractional distillation used for?

A

Separating mixtures of liquids based on boiling points.

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10
Q

What does chromatography do?

A

Separates and identifies substances in a mixture.

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11
Q

Are metals good or poor conductors?

A

Good conductors.

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12
Q

Are non-metals malleable or brittle?

A

Brittle.

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13
Q

Do metals form acidic or basic oxides?

A

Basic oxides.

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14
Q

Do non-metals gain or lose electrons?

A

Gain or share electrons.

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15
Q

Do metals gain or lose electrons?

A

Lose electrons to form positive ions.

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16
Q

Why are noble gases unreactive?

A

They have full outer electron shells.

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17
Q

Do noble gases exist as molecules or single atoms?

A

Single atoms (monatomic).

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18
Q

What is helium used for?

A

Filling balloons (non-flammable).

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19
Q

What is neon used for?

A

Glowing advertising signs.

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20
Q

What is argon used for?

A

Filling light bulbs to prevent filament burning.

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21
Q

What allows metals to conduct electricity?

A

Delocalised electrons that carry charge.

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22
Q

Why are metals malleable?

A

Layers of atoms can slide over each other.

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23
Q

Why do metals have high melting points?

A

Strong electrostatic forces between ions and electrons.

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24
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

Attraction between positive ions and delocalised electrons.

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25
What is a synthesis reaction?
Two or more substances combine to form one product.
26
What is a decomposition reaction?
One compound breaks down into simpler substances.
27
What is a displacement reaction?
A more reactive element replaces a less reactive one.
28
What is a combustion reaction?
Substance reacts with oxygen, releasing heat and forming oxides.
29
How can you compare reactivity of metals?
By their reactions with water, acids, and oxygen.
30
What happens when a metal reacts with water?
It forms a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
31
What happens when a metal reacts with acid?
It forms a salt and hydrogen gas.
32
Which metal is more reactive: magnesium or copper?
Magnesium.
33
How is iron extracted from its ore?
By reduction with carbon in a blast furnace.
34
Why can't aluminium be extracted with carbon?
Because it's more reactive; extracted by electrolysis.
35
What is electrolysis used for in metal extraction?
Extracting metals more reactive than carbon.
36
What is the reactivity series?
A list of metals in order of reactivity.
37
What is rusting?
Corrosion of iron with water and oxygen.
38
How can rusting be prevented?
Painting, oiling, galvanising, or sacrificial protection.
39
What is galvanising?
Coating iron with zinc.
40
What is sacrificial protection?
Using a more reactive metal to protect iron.
41
What are the conditions for rusting?
Water and oxygen.
42
What does the pH scale measure?
Concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺).
43
What pH value is neutral?
pH 7.
44
What colour does litmus turn in acid?
Red.
45
What colour does litmus turn in alkali?
Blue.
46
What colour does universal indicator turn in strong acid?
Red.
47
What colour does universal indicator turn in strong alkali?
Purple.
48
What does methyl orange show in acid?
Red.
49
What does methyl orange show in alkali?
Yellow.
50
How are soluble salts made from acids and metals?
React acid with metal and evaporate the solution.
51
How are salts made using insoluble bases?
React base with acid, filter and evaporate.
52
What method is used to make salts from titration?
Neutralisation of acid with alkali using indicator.
53
What method is used to make insoluble salts?
Precipitation.
54
What is a strong acid?
An acid that completely ionises in water.
55
What is a weak acid?
An acid that partially ionises in water.
56
Give an example of a strong acid.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl).
57
Give an example of a weak acid.
Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH).
58
How do you test for oxygen?
Glowing splint relights.
59
How do you test for hydrogen?
Lit splint makes a squeaky pop.
60
How do you test for carbon dioxide?
Turns limewater milky.
61
How do you test for chlorine?
Bleaches damp litmus paper.
62
What colour does lithium give in a flame test?
Red flame.
63
What colour does sodium give in a flame test?
Yellow flame.
64
What colour does potassium give in a flame test?
Lilac flame.
65
What ion gives a blue precipitate with NaOH?
Copper(II) ion (Cu²⁺).
66
What ion gives a green precipitate with NaOH?
Iron(II) ion (Fe²⁺).
67
What ion gives a brown precipitate with NaOH?
Iron(III) ion (Fe³⁺).
68
What is the test for ammonium ions?
Add NaOH and warm; ammonia gas turns red litmus blue.
69
What is the test for chloride ions?
Add nitric acid and silver nitrate; white precipitate.
70
What is the test for bromide ions?
Add nitric acid and silver nitrate; cream precipitate.
71
What is the test for iodide ions?
Add nitric acid and silver nitrate; yellow precipitate.
72
What is the test for sulfate ions?
Add HCl and barium chloride; white precipitate.
73
What is the test for carbonate ions?
Add acid; bubbles of CO₂ form.
74
What happens to energy in breaking bonds?
Energy is absorbed (endothermic).
75
What happens to energy in making bonds?
Energy is released (exothermic).
76
What does it mean if more energy is released than absorbed?
The reaction is exothermic.
77
What does it mean if more energy is absorbed than released?
The reaction is endothermic.
78
What is a reversible reaction?
A reaction that can go forwards and backwards.
79
What is the symbol for a reversible reaction?
⇌
80
Give an example of a reversible reaction.
Hydration of copper sulfate or ammonium chloride heating.
81
What happens if you cool blue copper sulfate solution?
Crystals of hydrated copper sulfate form.
82
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.
83
What happens to concentration at equilibrium?
It stays constant.
84
What affects equilibrium position?
Temperature and concentration.
85
What happens to equilibrium if temperature increases?
It shifts to favour the endothermic direction.
86
What is filtration used for?
Separating insoluble solids from liquids.
87
What is crystallisation used for?
Forming solid crystals from a solution.
88
What is simple distillation used for?
Separating solvent from solution.
89
What is fractional distillation used for?
Separating liquid mixtures with different boiling points.
90
What is chromatography used for?
Separating and identifying substances in a mixture.
91
What is the mobile phase in chromatography?
The solvent that moves through the paper.
92
What is the stationary phase in chromatography?
The paper that stays still.
93
How is Rf value calculated?
Distance moved by substance ÷ distance moved by solvent.

IGCSE Chemistry (1 decks)

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