5

Question 1

independent variable

Answer 1

the cause of the dependent variable

Question 2

dependent variable

Answer 2

outcome/effect of the experiement

what your measuring in the experiment

Question 3

what makes red blood cells unique from other cells

Answer 3

they do not a nucleus

Question 4

why is is the ovum larger than a red blood cell

Answer 4

red blood cells are small as they transport oxygen quickly in out and of the cell, whereas the ovum is not transported as much and contains half the genetic material of a new organsim, organelle and nutrients for growht, hence it is larger

Question 5

Justify which cell(ova or red blood cell) would have a larger surface area to volume ratio with reference to cell size and cell shape. 

Answer 5

Red blood cells would have a higher SA:V. They have a much smaller volume compared to the ovum and they have a biconcave disk shape which has a larger surface area compared to an almost spherical ovum.

Question 6

when does the surface area to volume decrease

Answer 6

when size increases and when the shape becomes more spherical

Question 6

why do cells and organelles tend to be more flat and small

Answer 6

higher surface area to volume to ratio

Question 7

why do most biologist consider viruses as non living

Answer 7

bacteria are able to reproduce independently, whereas viruses are not.

bacteria have metabolic processes, whereas viruses do not

bacteria are composed of cells, whereas viruses are not

Question 8

what is something that both bacteria and viruses do

Answer 8

evolve

Question 9

how does the cristae increase the surface area of the membrane

Answer 9

because of its squiggly shape

Question 10

Explain why the intestinal wall is made of many small cells, rather than just a few very large ones.

Answer 10

Small cells have a larger SA;V than larger cells. Cells that have a larger SA;V exchange more materials. The small intestine needs small cells as they will have a larger SA;V which increases the rate that nutrients in the small intestine like food and oxygen are absorbed and waste is removed

Question 11

equation for aerobic celluar respiration

Answer 11

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 12

where are mitochondria found

Answer 12

only in eukaryotes, prokaryotes dont haveso instead they produce ATP on the surface ofthe cell membrane

Question 13

The genetic material of prokaryotic cells is contained in

Answer 13

a circular chromosome and many small plasmids.

Question 14

what happens in the cristae and why does there need to be a large surface area in the cristae

Answer 14

celluar respiration happens in the cristae and the greater the surface area, the more celluar respiration that can take place

Question 15

difference between intregal, pheriphal and transmembrane proteins

Answer 15

intregal proteins are found deep in the bilayer
pheriphal proteins are found floating on the sruface of the memrbane
transmembrane proteins extend from the beginning to the end of the protein

Question 16

The molecule that is lipid-based and regulates fluidity of the membrane is

Answer 16

cholestrol

Question 17

what is chromatin

Answer 17

mixture of DNA and protein that forms chromosomes

Question 17

what is the function of chromatin

Answer 17

makes chromosomes

Question 18

where are chromosomes located

Answer 18

inside the nucleus

Question 19

what are chromosones

Answer 19

made of proteins and a single strand of DNA that carries the genetic material from one cell to another

Question 20

How is DNA stored

Answer 20

as a chromosome

Question 20

difference between channel and carrier proteins

Answer 20

they are the same except carrier proteins close one side of the protein when a substance enters and the opposite side opens

Question 21

What is electron transportation

Answer 21

a process part of cellular respiration that produces ATP

Question 22

what do carbohydrates do

Answer 22

can help in sending signals and sticking cells together eg. involved in phospholipids sticking onto eachother

Question 23

what can carbohydrates attach to

Answer 23

proteins and lipids

Question 23

wwhat can carbohydrates attach to

Answer 23

proteins and lipids

Question 24

what is the purpose of the control variable

Answer 24

tocreate a baseline where results can be compared

Question 24

what is a plant cell composed of

Answer 24

cellulose

Question 25

What are the 3 functions of the cell membrane

Answer 25

Gie the cell shape and structure Confine internal contents into one place Allows substances to enter in and out in a regulated manner

Question 26

Why is the plasma membrane referred to as semi-permeable.

Answer 26

Small polar substances cannot enter the cell as it repels against the hydrophobic tails and therefore require carrier or channel proteins such as water Large non polar and polar substances cannot enter the cell as they are too big and therefore require channel or carrier proteins such as glucose Small non polar substances can pass through the membrane as they are tiny and do not repel the hydrophobic tails Ions are charged and therefore cannot enter the plasma membrane

Question 27

function of phospholipid

Answer 27

have a role in regulating transport across membranes, and are the structure in which proteins and carbohydrates are embedded

Question 28

why does the plasma membrane contain receptors

Answer 28

for cell recognition and to recieve signals from other cells

Question 29

why are proteins embedded in the bilayer

Answer 29

Transport of molecules such as protein channel or carriers Communication: allows cells to receive signals

Question 30

what extends outside the cell and what do they do

Answer 30

glycolipids are chains attached to lipids, whilst glycoproteins are chain attached to proteins these proteins assist in self recognition to avoid attack from the immune cell and are involved in cell communication

Question 31

what is and what does chloestrol do

Answer 31

A lipid steroid which regulates fluidity of the plasma membrane when the temperaure increases cholestrol keeps the plasma membrane intact and prveents it from falling apart whereas when the termpature decreases it prvents phoshoplipids from jjoining too close together to allow for the exchange of substancees

Question 32

the fluid mosiac model explains that

Answer 32

Molecules that make up the plasma membrane are not fixed in one place The ‘patchwork’ of proteins embedded represent a mosaic model.

Question 33

The plasma membrane allows certain substances in and out of the cell based on

Answer 33

size, charge and concentration graident

Question 34

explain the factors the effect diffusiion

Answer 34

Concentration gradient. The diffusion distance. Surface area. Physical barriers.

Question 35

the movement of water can

Answer 35

impact the size and shape of the cell