5 Flashcards
(14 cards)
Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769-1821 his story
Democratic ordinary citizens…
Very fam… vo? Generals stared up from lower and even ordinary positions. Ex: book keeper.
The most famous general of all is Napoleon.
He is always referred as Bonaparte until he became the emperor.
He was a lawyer so he does not from a wealthy and powerful background.
He went to school…
Less honorable.
Began…show some great ability in some battles and then get notice. 1793 he was appointed as a general.
Jacobin period, Bonaparte held Jacobin belief and was in prison and then release soon to fight. So he is too useful for the government.
He become a hero in Italy’s wars and draw back Prussia.
the Directory, 1795-1799; the 18th Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799); the Consulate,1800-1804; Emperor Napoleon, 1804-1815.
After the fall of Robespierre. The new government called the Directory they depend their survival on Bonaparte, Bonaparte used his troops to disperse the crowd that threat the government. So he acted as the guard to maintain the power of the government.
As military became more and more important, the Directory found increasingly hard to deal with it political enemies. The outcome was the 18th century the Brumaire Nov. 9, 1799 (the month in revolutionary calendar). Bonaparte seeks power. He lost his nerves the last minute and he brother show up with troops to say the date?
The Directory was out, Bonaparte ruled with two other councils called the Consulate. But Bonaparte dominates the council as the first council, this shows how important military becomes and how important Bonaparte becomes.
Bonaparte’s next step was to claim himself council for life, so elections doesn’t work on him. In 1804, he crowned himself as emperor, and now called Napoleon. France now return to monarchy again, no longer republic.
Wars and Reform
-Battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 1805; Defeat of Austria and Prussia, 1806-07
In Oct. 1805, France fleet was destroyed by English navy in the Battle of Trafalgar
This let Napoleon come to the continent, and Napoleon continue to be successful. He conquers Prussia, Austria and Russia (in 1807).
1807, the war was over and Napoleon was the master of Europe.
The first thing he did is redraw the map of Europe. He abolished old states and established new ones. In some places he put his relatives in charge as monarchs.
-Napoleonic Code; Concordat; slavery, new aristocracy
Napoleonic Code; Concordat; slavery, new aristocracy
Inside France, he changed the nature of French society and politics.
First, he gave a legal code called Napoleonic Code that people still follow today. This was hard on women. He continues the republican idea of women as supportive wife and mother. Ex: women cannot own property, cannot control money, hard to get divorce, etc.
Napoleon also established new relationship with the Catholic Church. Concordat: make the Catholic Church in France a state run church.
The national convention in 1792 abolishes slavery, because of the revolt of Carrabin. In 1802, Napoleon sent army to the island and re-imposed slavery.
Napoleon decided to start a new aristocracy on the basis of the state, not hierarchy. So he can control everything.
Spain and guerilla warfare (1807);, and what happen in 1808?
But Napoleon’s domination of Europe didn’t go unchallenged. After 1807, France become stuck with the war with Spain. The Spanish use guerilla游击队warfare, which is hard to conquer.
After 1808, many European countries form together with national faror? Against Napoleon and France.
Sept. 1812, invasion of Russia by Grand Army;
1812, Napoleon decided to invade Russia, which he considered the greatest threat.
The grand army 600,000 – soldiers: form by forced alliance of German countries. So this army is multi-national and the officers were French.
After fighting with the Russians, Napoleon reached Moscow in 1812. He expected the Russian tsar to surrender, but he never showed up.
Fire broke out in the city and his city had no supplies.
Oct. 1812, Napoleon decided to return to the west.
This winter in Russia was especially bad.
600,000 people came, less than 100,000 people back.
There is – that Napoleon suffered with his soldiers, but in fact he abandoned them and went back first.
Alexander followed Napoleon to France.
Oct. 1813, Battle of Nations; allies enter Paris, 1814.
Because all forced alliance see Napoleon failed, they now form the grand alliance by Oct. 1813. Napoleon put 250,000 soldiers to face their 300,000 soldiers—the is called the battle of nations, which took place in Germany.
Napoleon was defeated in the battle, alliance marches into France in 1814.
They wanted to know what to deal with Napoleon and France.
The result was they treat them pretty well. They treated Napoleon as a defeated monarchy.
They reestablished France’s old monarchy, Louis 18 in power, so the old monarchy was restored.
Napoleon was given an island Elba to rule.
France was allowed to keep some of the territory that France under Napoleon had conquered.
Elba, 1815, Napoleon returns—the 100days, Battle of Waterloo-June 18, 1815; Saint Helena
The problem with that settlement was Napoleon returned. He landed in France in 1815, March 1st.
He walked to Paris, and people followed him as he walked along
Future leaders try to imitate this grand gesture. Ex: The Italian dictator in the 20th century, staged as a march on Rome.
The French government fleet when they see Napoleon is back. March 1815, Napoleon declares himself an emperor again.
The alliance had to get together to meet the emperor.
120,000 soldiers in June 1815 face Napoleon’s new 70,000 Army at the battle of waterloo.
Napoleon was again defeated. His empire lasted 100 days.
This time Napoleon was now sent exile in the south: Saint Helena
British look after him.
France signed the final treaty to curve France’s power.
So Napoleon’s return is bad for himself and France.
The Napoleonic Myth. What and effect
As soon as Napoleon was sent there, in France, Napoleon’s memory and greatness was celebrated throughout the country. In songs and poems. His face is everywhere.
At this time, the myth of Napoleon emerged–The Napoleonic Myth, which is based on his contradictory history: Napoleon was the product of the French Revolution, he was a Jacobin republican, and then he became an emperor. So this myth talks about he is a democratic, republican and Jacobin, who abandons them and become monarchy.
So this myth celebrates all of Napoleon’s roles as republican and emperor, and embrace all of contradiction of Napoleon.
The myth emerges as Napoleon was a republican emperor, which is a contradict term. And he can be seen as a republican law giver, inspired by Jacobin democracy. But he was also see as the defender of France and conqueror of tyrant, because he defeated the tyrants of Eu (but he himself is a tyrant too).
So he is seen as the holder of the French Revolution and the manifestation of the French nation. So the essence of the French nation can be shown in this great military leader.
the myth of Napoleon helps to nourish republicanism and the memory of the French Revolution.
But it also have the opposite effect: led to a willingness of part of the French public to choose authoritarianism. And the authoritarian leader was seems to embody a democratic nation.
This myth is one of the strangest contradiction paradoxes in modern political history. That is from the basis of democratic values and belief of the republic, that let the population elect an authoritarian leader, instead of democracy.
Other French leaders will project the Napoleonic image.
Ex: his nephew Louis will later call himself Napoleon III. He let people vote what they want him to do. So even though he is an authoritarian leader he still hears people’s voice.
The connection between authoritarianism and democracy.
Romanticism—sentimental and demonic/monumental. Background, 分类
Romanticism usually regarded as it signifies a great shift from the enlightenment. That is the popular conception. But it is overstated. In fact, it is in the enlightenment itself.
Within this Romanticism movement, a new emphasis of certain principals: it believed that individual’s emotions are the most authentic aspect of human beings. You show you are truly and deeply a human by feelings. Therefore, one should express one’s feelings in all their fullness and purity.
Different consequences followed from this new idea: question about next week’s reading.
Two types of Romanticism:
1. New idea of expressing feelings and emotions could lead to soft sentimental emotions， which is Romanticism love, sentimental feeling that join people together.
This sentimental Romanticism will continue gentle emotions attach to nature, that we already saw in the 18th century.
It continued in 19th century Romanticism, which in addition to simple life, also metalize religion that its very different from the enlightenment.
The enlightenment criticizes and rehabilitates Christianity and catholic is a sentimental way.
This kind of Romanticism infuses nature and family, and ordinary traditional religion, not organized religion, which a kind of soft sentimentalizing focus.
The Romanticism expression of feelings can also produce a harsher and aggressive Romanticism.
Romanticism believes the expression of emotions included to dangerous passion, like Romanticism lover become obsession and madness.
So emotions in other words, not just sentimental but also intense, painful, dangerous…
These are all meant to express the intensity of these kind of emotion.
These kind of emotions can be find in certain individuals
The Romanticism believed that a person motivated by a desire for freedom might be motivated by principals and ideas. But that person can also be driven by passions that ordinary people are incapable of and can only worship.
In the early 19th century, this kind of Romanticism not sentimental but monumental不朽的；纪念碑的；非常的, because it makes one greater than ordinary life, that it rises up the individuals.
So Romanticism seems to favor the small and the ordinary in sentimental terms. Ex: it could be family, religious piety, people walk through nature…
But it can also favor the gigantic: sea, mountain, great individual who rises above ordinary life.
The kind of monumental Romanticism was surrounded the image of Napoleon, who came to be portrayed in this period as a domatic greater than human figure.
It image infuses the myth surrounded Napoleon.
Jacques-Louis David, Bonaparte Crossing the Alps), 1801
David was a Jacobin republican
He became servant of emperor Napoleon
1791, Napoleon leading French army in Italy
How was this romantic: His name is carved on the stone. Horse is the…native. The face of Napoleon is perfectly calm. It’s like he is longer and greater than his soldiers, who are portrayed smaller than him.
The truth is he didn’t ride the horse that day.
Napoleon was told rise on general life and then new power of the people
Napoleon become he destroyer of tyrant
Napoleon changed Europe fundamentally as Romanticism says: according to the myth.
Napoleonic Warfare
-size of armies, the line versus the column; wars of occupation and destruction, balance of power
Compare, effect
less mythical way to prove his genius.
Napoleon good at applying new physical source
He understood what revolution meant than others do.
The traditional small army fought in a very distinguished way: organization in …lives one affect the other, which officers behind it.
This way to avoid people so behind them and so no one will fleet.
So 18th century minimize destruction so the war between wars of movement
Try to position yourself to scared enemy away…
So army…
To preserve the army was the first thing.
They bought all supplies with them
So noble officers bring their family with them
18th century warfare was very limited.
The intention was not destroying the enemy not to scare them
Napoleon’s massive army fundamentally change the concept of war
Soldiers go to war for their own, not by force,
The new generals were more flexible.
Napoleon relate the self motivated army can destroy things, not just a movement.
—-he start to attack…won the military…
a lot of cageries…changing the live because so many soldiers doesn’t fleet.
He can take the— the line would break.
Before Napoleon, when the line had broken it is clear who is won. But Napoleon peruse and hunt down as many soldiers as he can
French army can supply themselves, they just occupy the cities and use their resources.
The Napoleon warfare intensify warfare and hugely expand, greater destruction of both soldiers and battles. The entire nation is draw into warn the …
Soldiers were motivated by…
Bought…
Killing more people than ever before.
To respond to this: other countries also form their own massive army.
Now the resources of entire nation are to supply for wars.
Destroy cities to get supply-> people now suffer more.
How Napoleon understood the resource of the French Revolution to mobilize调动；集合，组织people…
Invention of France
Other European countries found it so scary, they organize a new alliance system to prevent some country like France and Napoleon happen again.
The Battle of Eylau, 1807
French army and alliance met in Russia
Indecisive result: no clear victor appears
Unlike many other battles, Napoleon care about people who get killed.
The wining painting’ the painter
In this battle, which Napoleon didn’t count the dead but feel bad about it,
Half the soldiers were left dead,
Napoleon as a pitying leader
Not romantic, no glory, no heroic.
Napoleon’s eyes are all white: Napoleon is shocked by this battle. He seems to realize this destruction is pointless
The Levée en masse—nationalism, the Marseillaise （background, why unique, compare to old army, it’s mentality. Others response
April 1792, when France went to war against Austria and Prussia. France is now at war with four countries in the next 20 years.
Summer of 1792, troops recruited. Later, 300,000 men called masse: mass army against European countries.
It is important in the French Revolution because a new force—nationalism appear in a form of army.
The older army before this period were relatively small, usually below 100,000.
Since the limited source of the nation, the army scope is also limited.
These armies are organized on the basis of social status: officers were nobility; they can be officers by inherited or buy the titles. Soldiers are workers and peasants who were forced to join in, which is through kidnaping. So the army is not well-motivated. Officers march behind the army to make sure no one fleets.
Now this army were soldiers who motivated by themselves: the good morality one…they are serving for freedom, so they saw themselves as virtue.
The ideas of revolution of other people: they want to spread the good of revolution abroad by war.
Before they go out the sing a song, which the first line of it is:
The song talks about how horrible a tyrant is, so people have to beat them. So they are aimed to liberate other people.
But the Germans countries did not greet them as liberators but as invaders.
To response to French nationalism, Germany build its own one. This is when and how nationalism appears.
