5

Question 1

six layers of the laminar organization

Answer 1

Molecular 
Outer granular 
Outer pyramidal 
Inner granular 
Inner pyramidal 
Multiform

Question 2

Synaptic Divergence

Answer 2

o Action potential can rigger multiple excitatory postsynaptic potential simultaneously
o Affects many dendritic terminals at one
o Amplifies activity of a single axon
o Found in cerebellum
o Common in cortical cells

Question 3

Synaptic convergence

Answer 3

o Multiple synapses occur on one postsynaptic dendrite

Question 4

Presynaptic Inhibition

Answer 4

o Similar to convergence

o 2 axonic synapses are in sequence and an inhibitory effect occurs on the postsynaptic membrane of the 3rd of 3 axons

Question 5

Temporal Summation:

Answer 5

effect of the neurotransmitters may be enhanced: possibilities include all synapse are excitatory (strengthens signal) – excitatory and inhibitory potentials cancel each other out

Question 6

Spatial Summation

Answer 6

varied sites of synapse along dendritic surface of neuron case responses to rise in the different parts of the neuron – may increase possibility of more local mechanisms during activation

Question 7

smallest functional unity within the dendritic tree

Answer 7

Smallest functional unity within the dendritic tree = DENDRITIC SPINE
o Thorn-like protuberance on dendrite
o Account for most postsynaptic sites in the brain, esp…
o Cerebellum
o Basal ganglia
o And cortex

Question 8

total number of neurons and the total number of synapses

Answer 8

o 100 BILLION neurons

o 60 TRILLION synapse

Question 9

Geschwind (connectionist) model of language

Answer 9

A connectionist conception of the higher mental functions of speech and language
- Use to clinical neurologist
- Allows for high degree of predictability of syndromes associated w/specific lesion sites
Predicts possible aphasic syndromes not yet described
Model has been confirmed by clinical studies

Question 10

Ischemic

Answer 10

A reduction of the blood flow to an area.
o This is generally the cause of narrowing arteries due to a thickening or hardening of the arterial wall (arteriosclerosis)
o Common cause = increased cholesterol

Question 11

Embolic

Answer 11

A blood clot containing arterial debris that travels to a smaller artery and “gets stuck”. - The blood flow to that area of the brain is now blocked, causing ischemia

Question 12

thorbus

Answer 12

A collection of fat and blood from the diseased artery that narrows it and blocks the flow of blood going to the brain, causing ischemia. A thrombus is stationary

Question 13

Hemorrhagic

Answer 13

When blood leaks out of a vessel and damages or kills brain tissue

1. Intra-cerebral hemorrhage: deep hypertensive hemorrhage and lobar hemorrhage
2. Extra-cerebral hemorrhage: subarachnoid hemorrhage and other hemorrhages that do NOT occur within the cerebrum, but within the skull.

Question 14

neoplasms

Answer 14

Abnormal mass of tissue aka a tumor
Benign tumors: Do not spread & not recurrent
Malignant tumors: Expand & are resistance to treatment
Classified according to their origin
o GLIOMA- general name for a tumor arising from supportive tissues of the brain

Question 15

Glioma

Answer 15

general name for a tumor arising from supportive tissues of the brain

Question 16

most common neoplasms

Answer 16

general name for a tumor arising from supportive tissues of the brain

Question 17

Aphasia

Answer 17

Aphasia in an impairment due to acquired and recent damage of the central nervous system, of the ability to comprehend and formulate language.
o It is a multimodality disorder represented by a variety of impairments in auditory comprehension, reading, oral-expressive language, and writing.
o The disrupted language may be influenced by physiological inefficiency or impaired cognition, but it cannot be explained by dementia, sensory loss or motor dysfunction

Question 18

four language modalities

Answer 18

1. Auditory comprehension
2. Verbal expression
3. Reading
4. Writing

Question 19

primarily classify aphasia today when using a dichotomous system

Answer 19

o Expressive aphasia: associated w/ anterior lobe
o Receptive aphasia: posterior lesion
o Motor Aphasia: anterior cortical pathology (Frontal lobe)
o Sensory Aphasia: posterior lesion (Temporal lobe)

Question 20

aphasia syndromes

Answer 20

1. Broca’s aphasia (NF)
2. Wernicke’s Aphasia (F)
3. Conduction Aphasia (F)
4. Global aphasia (NF)
5. Transcortical aphasia (NF)
6. Anomic Aphasia (F)
7. Subcortical aphasia (F)

Question 21

fluent

Answer 21

smooth & effortless speech

Question 22

non-fluent

Answer 22

difficulty “ getting the words out”

Question 23

broca characteristics

Answer 23

Characteristics:
o	Anomia
o	Phrase length =0-5 words per breath unit
o	Relatively good aud comp
o	Relatively poor repetition
o	Agrammatism
o	Effortful articulation, disrupted prosody
o	Phonemic paraphasias common

Question 24

broca lesion site

Answer 24

• Frontal operculum
• Surrounding tissue
• Inferior frontal gyrus

Question 25

Wernicke characteristics

Answer 25

``` o Notable anomia o Poor auditory comprehension o Prosody WFL o Articulation WFL o Error types: – Phonemic, semantic, neologistic paraphasias – Empty content – May have jargon – Press of speech ```

Question 26

wernike lesion site

Answer 26

Classic Wernicke - Posterior temporal gyrus - Posterior section of middle & inferior temporal gyri