5 - Deviance, Crime, and Social Control Flashcards
(21 cards)
Cultural Transmission Theories
theories to explain deviance that posit deviance is learned behavior that is culturally transmitted through socialization. (123)
Career Deviance
in labeling theory, the deviant behavior that a person adopts in response to the reaction of others to his or her primary deviance, also called secondary deviance. (124)
Conformity
a mode of adaptation in anomie theory where the individual accepts culturally approved goals and the culturally approved means to achieve them. (121)
Anomie Theory
a functionalist theory to explain deviance developed by Robert K. Merton which posits that inconsistencies and contradictions in the social system precipitate many forms of deviance and crime. (121)
Biological Approach
a view that deviance arises, at least in part, from a person’s physical or biological makeup. (120)
Differential Association Theory
a cultural transmission theory developed by Edwin Sutherland that states deviant behavior is learned in interaction with other people, for the most part within intimate primary groups such as families and peer groups. (123)
Alcoholism
the abuse of alcohol, a dependence on the substance by people who drink more than is socially acceptable in their group or whose drinking has damaged their health, social relationships, or job performance. (127)
Secondary Deviance
in labeling theory, the deviant behavior that a person adopts in response to the reaction of others to his or her primary deviance, also called career deviance. (124)
Ritualism
a mode of adaptation in anomie theory where the individual almost compulsively accepts the culturally approved means but does not use them to achieve cultural goals. (121)
Mala Prohibita
an act that is “bad because it is prohibited,” such as parking violation and minor tax evasion. (126)
Mala in se
an act that is “bad in and of themselves,” such as rape, homicide, and assault. (126)
Psychological Approach
a perspective that views deviance as being the result of some personality disorder or maladjustment that develops, often during childhood. (120)
Deviance
behaviors or characteristics that violate important group norms and as a consequence are reacted to with social disapproval. (119)
Rebellion
a mode of adaptation in anomie theory when people reject both the socially approved goals and socially approved means to achieve them and then seek to replace them with alternative goals and means. (122)
Cybercrime
crime that is committed with the aid of networked communication devices, such as computers, and has become very costly and disriptive in normal social life. (130)
Innovation
a mode of adaptation in anomie theory where people pursue cultural goals through illegal or other socially disapproved means. (121)
anomie
inconsistencies and confusion in a social system created by teaching people to strive for certain goals but not providing them the culturally approved means necessary to attain these goals.
Retreatism
a mode of adaptation in anomie theory where the individual rejects both the culturally approved goals and the legitimate means for achieving them. (121)
Primary Deviance
in labeling theory, the violation of social norms in which a person is not caught or is excused rather than labeled deviant. (124)
Labeling Theory
a theory based on the premise that whether other people define or label a person as deviant is a critical determinant in the development of a pattern of deviant behavior. (123-124)
Crime
an act that violates a criminal code that has been enacted by an officially constituted political authority. (126)
