5. Diagnostics, therapy and prevention of forestomach and abomasum diseases in cattle Flashcards
(9 cards)
Which are the diseases to be mentioned regarding forestomach and abomasoum affecting cattle?
- Simple indigestion
- Acute ruminal tymapany (bloat)
- Chronic tympany
- Hoflund syndrome (Vagal indigestion)
- Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (Hardware disease)
- Displacement of abomasum
- Abomasal volvulus
- Ruminal parakeratosis
- Ruminal drinking
Describe Simple indigestion
Caused by - abrupt diet change (more carbohydrates) and rumen pH, excessive grain or silage, stress, ATBs
CS: common with decreased appetite and forestomach motility, anorexia, decreased feces (silage overfeeding), watery/fould smelly feces (grain overfeeding)
Dx: History, rumen fluid (pH, decreased protozia, prolonged methylene blue reduction time), decreased rumen frequenzy.
Tx: correct diet, saline, MgOH (if low pH), correct underlying conditoin
Describe Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
= Hardware disease
Most common disease of reticulum - penetration of reticulum by a sharp ingested object as nails or wires.
Contributing factors = Late pregnancy (pressure on rumen and reticulum) , calving (sudden increase in abdominal pressure) and tenesmus.
Can lead to leakage of ingesta and bacteria into peritoneal cavity and might also penetrate - diaphragm, pericardium, liver or spleen.
CS:
3 forms:
1) Reticuloperitonitis localis acute - Only treatable form. Spontaneous grunting , tachycardia, elbow abduction, arched back, pain on ventral abdomen, visible jugular vein.
2) Reticuloperitonitis localis chronica - General declining signs of cow and rumen dysfunction, arched stance, pain signs.
3) Reticuloperitonitis diffuse acuta - no milk. complete stasis of rumen, strong pain signs through grunts, reluctance to move, lift abdomen - sensitive to pressure and short CRT
Dx: History, CS, test for FB, abdominal puncture, urinalysis, RTG/USG
Tx: Magnet, ATB, NSAIDs, rest, symptomatic therapy or rumenotomy.
Px: Magnets - swallowed at 16m old, electromagnetic plates on feeding lines and in silo.
Describe Displacement of abomasum
Dairy cows 4-7y old (1st month post-calving)
Multifactorial condition –> lameness, mastitis/metritis, high milk production, abomasal hypomobility, lipid mobilization/ketosis, hereditary.
LDA - 95% of cases. Trapped between rumen and left abdominal wall.
RDA - Acute and life-treatening and can lead to volvulus. Cranio-dors right abdominal cavity.
CS: decreased rumen motility and RAD often gives melena (ulcers originating from ischemic necrosis, due to volvulus.
Dx:
* Auscultation - metallic ping (from tuber coxae to point of elbow and from elbow towards stifle on bith side of the patent.
* Lab exams - ketonuria, metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, pardoxic aciduria.
Tx:
* LDA - rolling 180C, lay on right side
* Surgery - only if rumen is sufficiently filled and mostly gas and not fluid in abomasum
- Laparotomic omentopexy left/right/ventral
-Percut abomasopexy
- Supportive fuids, electrolytes, glucose
Describe Hoflund syndrome
= Vagal indigestion
Functional or mechanical disturbance which impairs gastrointestinal transit.
Can occur from -> reticulo-omasal stenosis, pyloric stenosis or pregnancy(pressure).
CS: half pear/half apple shape, decreased or no defecation - large particles present in feces, rumen contractions increased/normal, failure or eructation -> tympany (gas) and dehydration.
Dx: CS, physical exam.
* Rectal exam (dilation of ventral rumen sac)
* USG (lesions causing vagal nerve damage)
* Urinalysis (paradoxic aciduria)
* Blood analysis (hypokalemia, hyperurea)
* Rumen Cl concentration (differentiate btw proximal and distal stenosis -> increased in distal)
Tx:
* Correct abomasal displacement
* Paraffin oil (prox. stenosis)
* ATM (traumatic reticuloperitonitis)
* Supportive fluids, glucose, Ca
Describe acute ruminal tympany
= Bloat
Occurs when there is overdistension of ruminoreticulum due to overproduction of gas(fermentation).
* More common in cattle but also in sheep.
1) Primary ; frothy bloat
* Dietary reasons (over ingestion of green forage, decreased fiber.
CS: distention of left abdomen and then both sides, hypersalivation, abnormal posture, death within 3-4h if not reveresed.
Dx:
* CS, physical exam
* Rectal exam
* Urinalysis
Tx:
* Antifoaming agents - paraffin oil, tympanol 250-500ml
2) Secondary; free-gas bloat
* Failure of eradication -> obstruction or inability to release rumen gas
Caused by - Grain overload –> acidosis –> rumen stasis/atony, ruminal drinking in calves
Dx:
* Percussion - high pitched metallic ping on percussion compared to frothy bloat
* Rest same as above.
Tx:
* Rapid correction by passage of oro-ruminal tube or insertion of rumen trocar -> caudal to last rib in paralumbar fossa on left side
* Remove obstruction
* Supportive to correct acidosis
* If life-threatening -> emergency rumenotomy
Px: Over ingestion of green forages, FB, too much milk for calves.
What is the consequence of bloat?
Distension -> pressure on vena cava and diaphragm -> increases blood pressure and decreases air capacity -> retention of CO2
Briefly of ruminal drinking
Failure of the reticular groove reflex in calves on a liquid diet and milk ingested goes straight into rumen instead of abomasum.
Cause milk to become fermented into lactic acid -> METABOLIC ACIDOSIS + malabsorption, inflammation and parakeratosis -> clay-like feces and recurrent bloat.
Dx:
* Percussion - high pitched metallic sound
* Stinky grey-fluid from stomach tube
Tx:
* Rumen lavage with warm saline
* Weaning
* Correct underlying.
One sentence, what is ruminal parakeratosis?
Disease where papillae of rumen becomes hardened and enlarged due to low pH and high VFA.
Consequence from calves with prolonged ruminal acidosis due to ruminal drinking and high concentrate feed.
