5. Elizabeth I

Question 1

What action did Elizabeth take to particularly agitate the Spanish in relation to money? When? How much? - Elizabeth I

Answer 1

In 1568, Elizabeth impounded 400,000 florins of money from Spanish ships blown into English ports by a storm that was intended for the Duke of Alba. This heavily agitated the Spanish.

Question 2

When did Elizabeth expel the Sea Beggars from English ports? What were the consequences of this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 2

Elizabeth expelled the Sea Beggars (Dutch pirates) from English ports in 1572. This saw this group land in the Netherlands, sparking a large revolt against the rule of the Spanish in the Netherlands.

Question 3

Who did Spain install to oversee control of the Union of Arras? What was their intention? - Elizabeth I

Answer 3

Spain placed the Duke of Parma in the Southern Netherlands to act as a direct enforcer of control there. Parma’s aim was to launch a full conquest into the Northern Netherlands and assert Spanish power here.

Question 4

When was Portugal taken by Spain? How did Elizabeth respond to this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 4

Portugal was taken by Spain in 1580, with Elizabeth choosing to support the Portuguese pretender, Don Antonio, here. She also knighted Sir Francis Drake to infuriate the Spanish and treated the Spanish ambassador poorly.

Question 5

When was the Treaty of Joinville agreed (and who by)? What consequences did this have for England? - Elizabeth I

Answer 5

The Treaty of Joinville was agreed in 1584 by Spain and the French Catholic League, creating an alliance between the 2. This worried Elizabeth as she feared that, as Philip was now allied with the Guises, he would potentially support the claim of Mary, Queen of Scots.

Question 6

When was the Treaty of Nonsuch agreed (and who between)? What were the terms of this treaty? - Elizabeth I

Answer 6

The Treaty of Nonsuch was agreed in 1585 between England and Dutch Protestants. This agreed for English troops to be sent to the Netherlands to protect it from potential Spanish conquests in the region.

Question 7

When did England successfully attack Cadiz? What impacts did this have on the Spanish Armada? - Elizabeth I

Answer 7

England attacked Cadiz in April 1587, with this attack delaying the Spanish Armada’s voyage as the ships they planned to use were stuck in this harbour.

Question 8

When did the Spanish Armada engage in battle with England in the Channel from-until? - Elizabeth I

Answer 8

The Armada engaged in light battle with the English in the Channel from the 30th July until the 6th August 1588.

Question 9

When did the Spanish Armada’s attempted invasion of England occur? - Elizabeth I

Answer 9

The Spanish Armada attempted to invade England from July 1588.

Question 10

From 1795 onwards, how many attacks did England make on mainland/colonial Spain? - Elizabeth I

Answer 10

From 1795, England made 3 attacks on Spain’s mainland and colonies.

Question 11

What example is there of a successful attack on Spain? When? How many galleons were sunk in this attack? - Elizabeth I

Answer 11

England successfully captured and occupied Cadiz in 1596, sinking 4 galleons in the process.

Question 12

What example is there of an unsuccessful attack on Spain’s colonies? When? What consequences were there of this attack? - Elizabeth I

Answer 12

In 1596, Hawkins and Drake advocated an attack on Panama. Having thought that this was a weak point in Spain’s empire, this attack dramatically failed, leaving both Hawkins and Drake to die at sea.

Question 13

When was the Madre de Dios captured? What is this an example of? - Elizabeth I

Answer 13

The Madre de Dios was captured in 1592. This is an example of a successful PPPE.

Question 14

When did Philip launch a further unsuccessful attack on England following the Spanish Armada? What was the outcome of this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 14

Philip launched another attack on England in 1596 when ordering a fleet to invade England. However, given that weather conditions were terribly poor given that autumn had set in, much of the fleet was sunk.

Question 15

When did Spain attempt to exploit an Irish rebellion to threaten England? What was the outcome of this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 15

Spain attempted to exploit an Irish rebellion in 1597. This resulted in no successes as the wind prevented Spain from landing here.

Question 16

What was the significance of Sir Francis Vere’s appointment to oversee English interests in the Netherlands in 1589? What resulted from this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 16

Sir Francis Vere was a highly competent military tactician who managed to create a successful alliance with the leaders of the Northern Netherlands. This resulted in the gradual retaking of Spanish held Dutch provinces, removing the influence of foreign powers over this region.

Question 17

In what year had all Spanish troops been expelled from the Netherlands? - Elizabeth I

Answer 17

By 1594, all Spanish troops had been ousted from the Netherlands.

Question 18

When was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis signed (and who between)? What did this determine? - Elizabeth I

Answer 18

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis was signed in 1559, with this concluding the war between England/Spain and France and allowing France to retain Calais for 8 years (returning to England if the peace was maintained in the meantime).

Question 19

When was the Treaty of Berwick agreed (and who between)? What did this determine? - Elizabeth I

Answer 19

The Treaty of Berwick was agreed in February 1560, agreeing for conditional support for the Lords of the Congregation against French threats and eventually leading to an army being sent to Scotland.

Question 20

Who was the leader of the French Huguenots? What was he promised by Elizabeth in terms of support against Catholics? - Elizabeth I

Answer 20

The French Huguenots were led by the Prince of Conde.

He was promised 6000 men and a loan of £30,000 to manage conflict with French Catholics.

Question 21

When was the Treaty of Troyes agreed (and who between)? What did this agree? - Elizabeth I

Answer 21

The Treaty of Troyes was agreed in 1564 between England and French factions, with this losing Calais permanently, losing indemnities gained in Cateau-Cambresis and causing major damage to her confidence in her foreign policy and her prestige.

Question 22

When was a complete embargo placed on trade between England and Spain? Why? - Elizabeth I

Answer 22

A complete embargo was placed on trade between England and Spain in 1563, with this following the seizure of English ships by the Duke of Alba.

Question 23

How much did England spend on intervention in the Netherlands from 1589-94? Was this justified? - Elizabeth I

Answer 23

England spent £750,000 on intervention in the Netherlands to assist Dutch Protestants from 1589-94. This was admittedly costly, but did result in a reduction of Spanish power here.

Question 24

When was the English/Spanish trading embargo lifted? - Elizabeth I

Answer 24

The English/Spanish trading embargo was lifted in 1574.

Question 25

How much did the Spanish Armada campaign cost England? - Elizabeth I

Answer 25

The Spanish Armada campaign cost England £160,000

Question 26

How many sailors did Spain have in the Armada? How many sailors did England have? - Elizabeth I

Answer 26

Spain - 8,000 | England - 14,000

Question 27

What was the difference between the English and Spanish armies? - Elizabeth I

Answer 27

England had no permanent standing army, meaning that troops had to be gathered on an ad-hoc basis to fight off foreign threats. In contrast, Spain had a permanent army. However, the Spanish army was not prepared to undergo rigorous journeys.

Question 28

When were the English victorious at Bergen-op-Zoom under Lord Willoughby? What was the significance of this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 28

The English were victorious at Bergen-op-Zoom under Willoughby in 1588, with this significant as it continued to overturn Spanish control of the Netherlands.

Question 29

When was the Statute of Artificers passed? What measures did this set out? - Elizabeth I

Answer 29

The Statute of Artificers was passed in 1563. This set out for compulsory labour during harvest times, a minimum period of one year for the hire of workmen to create labour stabilities and the setting of a maximum wage rate by JPs in each county to keep these regulated.

Question 30

What impacts had reforms to the church had on poor relief? - Elizabeth I

Answer 30

The reforms to the church through the dissolution of monasteries and other religious institutions had meant that many institutions offering poor relief had been lost, meaning alternative means were needed.

Question 31

What action did Elizabeth take to attempt to solve issues with the currency? What were impacts of this? (Positive and Negative) - Elizabeth I

Answer 31

Elizabeth withdrew all debased coins from circulation early in her reign, replacing these with soundly minted coins. This did result in some people losing money as a result, however it resulted in the value of the currency being stabilised and preventing major inflation.

Question 32

How many Marian bishops remained in office following Elizabeth's alterations to religion? What does this indicate - Elizabeth I

Answer 32

Only 1 Marian bishop remained in office following Elizabeth's religious reforms, indicating that Elizabeth's shift back towards Protestantism was unpalatable to the Catholics of Mary’s reign.

Question 33

Who did Elizabeth appoint to be Archbishop of Canterbury? What was significant about this individual? - Elizabeth I

Answer 33

Elizabeth appointed Matthew Parker to be Archbishop of Canterbury, who had previously served as chaplain to the extremely Protestant Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth's mother. He was also a married clergyman.

Question 34

When were the 39 Articles of Religion passed? What did these determine? - Elizabeth I

Answer 34

The 39 Articles of Religion were passed in 1563, setting down the doctrines and character of the English Church following years of change throughout the English reformation.

Question 35

When was the Act of Supremacy passed? What did this determine? - Elizabeth I

Answer 35

The Act of Supremacy was passed in 1559, restoring the royal supremacy over the Church. This therefore rejected the papal supremacy, restored the Reformation legislation of Henry VIII, revived powers of royal visitation and made so that an oath of supremacy would be taken by clergymen and officials.

Question 36

What was Elizabeth's title at the top of the Church of England? - Elizabeth I

Answer 36

Elizabeth was made to be the 'Supreme Governor of the Church of England'.

Question 37

How many parish clergymen were deprived of offices for refusal to take the oath of allegiance to the Queen as Supreme Governor? What % of the total was this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 37

2000 parish clergymen were deprived of offices for refusals to take oaths of allegiance to the Queen as Supreme Governor, around 25% of the total.

Question 38

When was the Act of Uniformity passed? What was this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 38

The Act of Uniformity was passed in 1559, with this being a modified version of the 2nd Book of Common Prayer passed under Edward and Northumberland.

Question 39

How was the Act of Uniformity 1559 modified from the 1552 Book of Common Prayer? (2) - Elizabeth I

Answer 39

The 1559 Act of Uniformity allowed variations in the Eucharist that left the possibility of transubstantiation. It also omitted the 'Black Rubric', the mechanism designed to justify the practice of kneeling during the mass to ardent Protestants, with this perhaps intended to appeal to Catholic conservatives.

Question 40

What was the 'black rubric'? - Elizabeth I

Answer 40

The 'black rubric' was a mechanism used in the 1552 Book of Common Prayer to explain away the practice of kneeling during the mass and reduce the significance of this practice to radical Protestants.

Question 41

What issue was created over church ornaments and the clothing of the clergy by the Act of Uniformity 1559? - Elizabeth I

Answer 41

The 1559 Act of Uniformity introduced that ornaments and clothing in clerical settings should be introduced as they were prior to the 1549 Book of Common Prayer, meaning that a Catholic influence would remain over these aspects of practice and features of the church.

Question 42

When were Elizabeth's royal injunctions passed? What did these determine in terms of Protestantism? - Elizabeth I

Answer 42

Elizabeth's royal injunctions were passed in 1559 to set out the conduct and character of the Church. These emphasised that the Church should suppress superstition, remove Catholic features such as church altars for the mass (taking place instead at a table), pilgrimages and candle use were disapproved of, English Bibles were required in parish churches.

Question 43

What Catholic tendencies of Elizabeth did the 1559 Royal Injunctions assert? - Elizabeth I

Answer 43

The 1559 Injunctions obstructed clerical marriage by making it so that prospective wives had to produce a certificate signed by 2 JPs to validate a marriage.

Question 44

What issues existed over a potential marriage to Robert Dudley? - Elizabeth I

Answer 44

Any marriage to Robert Dudley would have created controversy following suspicions that he had murdered his previous wife so he could marry Elizabeth. Furthermore, it may have risked devaluing the courtly significance of William Cecil, something that Cecil, as the Queen's closest courtier, could not tolerate.

Question 45

Who were potential suitors for Elizabeth early in her reign? - Elizabeth I

Answer 45

Elizabeth was potentially lined up to marry Robert Dudley, Philip of Spain, the Archdukes Ferdinand and Charles and Prince Erik of Sweden early in her reign.

Question 46

When did England face a potential succession crisis? What created this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 46

England faced a potential succession crisis in 1562, with this resulting after Elizabeth had been stricken with a potentially life-threatening bout of smallpox.

Question 47

When did Parliament pressure Elizabeth to marry with very little reaction? - Elizabeth I

Answer 47

Parliament pressured Elizabeth to marry with little reaction in 1559.

Question 48

What issues were there with the potential heirs to the throne in Lady Catherine Grey and Mary, Queen of Scots? - Elizabeth I

Answer 48

Lady Catherine Grey - had disgraced herself with Elizabeth by secretly marrying the Earl of Hertford, diminishing any claim to the throne. Mary, Queen of Scots - was Catholic and had previously been under French and Scottish influence, meaning that a foreign power could dominate England.

Question 49

When was Elizabeth again pressured to marry, this time responding more aggressively? What was her response? - Elizabeth I

Answer 49

In 1566 Elizabeth was again pressured to marry, this time reacting furiously. She banished Leicester and the Earl of Pembroke from the presence chamber and rebuked both the House of Commons and the House of Lords for intervening in matters that she believed were her prerogative to control.

Question 50

When was it considered that Elizabeth could Mary the Duke of Anjou? Why? What was feared about this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 50

It was considered that Elizabeth could marry Anjou in 1579 when it was feared that Anjou would seize control of the Netherlands. Any marriage would allow England to retain influence over this region, but it was feared that any heir would be under French influence.

Question 51

What was the final outcome of the succession? - Elizabeth I

Answer 51

It eventually ended up being the case that James VI, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, was the heir to the throne upon Elizabeth's death.

Question 52

When did the Ridolfi Plot take place? Who was implicated? - Elizabeth I

Answer 52

The Ridolfi Plot took place in 1571. This involved the Duke of Norfolk, Mary QoS, Spanish troops and Cecil (who uncovered the plot and led the retribution against those who led it).

Question 53

Describe the events of the Ridolfi Plot. How was it handled and what was the outcome? - Elizabeth I

Answer 53

The Ridolfi Plot saw an attempt to land a Spanish force in England which would then overthrow Elizabeth and install Mary, who would marry the Duke of Norfolk. This conspiracy failed when Philip of Spain failed to provide a force to support the Mary (previously backed by the French). Cecil then successfully pushed for the execution of Norfolk.

Question 54

When did the Throckmorton Plot take place? Who was implicated? - Elizabeth I

Answer 54

The Throckmorton Plot took place in 1583. This involved the Duke of Guise, Nicholas Throckmorton and Francis Walsingham.

Question 55

Describe the events of the Throckmorton Plot. How was it handled and what was the outcome? - Elizabeth I

Answer 55

The Throckmorton Plot saw a hope that Spanish forces could land in England under the Duke of Guise's command, with the aim to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary. Walsingham had a spy in the French embassy who was able to get Throckmorton to confess to the plot. He was executed, while the Spanish ambassador was expelled.

Question 56

When did the Parry Plot take place? What happened and what was the outcome? - Elizabeth I

Answer 56

The Parry Plot took place in 1585. This was an attempt to assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary by a Welsh MP, William Parry. Parry was executed for treason as a result when the plot was discovered.

Question 57

When did the Babington Plot take place? Who was implicated? - Elizabeth I

Answer 57

The Babington plot took place in 1586. This involved Babington (a young Catholic), the Spanish ambassador (Mendoza, exiled), Mary QoS, Walsingham and Cecil (who uncovered and disbanded the plot).

Question 58

Describe the events of the Babington Plot. How was it dealt with and what was the outcome? - Elizabeth I

Answer 58

Babington and Mendoza had been planning to coordinate a Spanish invasion of England which would coincide with a Catholic uprising to overthrow the Queen, eventually leading to Elizabeth's assassination. Letters involving Mary QoS were intercepted by Walsingham, who pressed along with Cecil to have the conspirators arrested.

Question 59

When was Mary QoS executed? Why was Elizabeth reluctant to seek her execution? - Elizabeth I

Answer 59

Mary QoS was executed in February 1587. Elizabeth was reluctant to seek her execution because she did not wish to press for the execution of another anointed monarch, fearing backlash from Catholics and the Scottish over regicide.

Question 60

After what date did Elizabeth refrain from creating further dukedoms? Why? - Elizabeth I

Answer 60

Elizabeth did not create any further dukedoms after 1572, with this coming after all 4 Dukes had been executed for treason.

Question 61

Where did the majority of the population live under Elizabeth? What urban area was acting as a magnet for people? - Elizabeth I

Answer 61

The majority of the population continued to live in the countryside during Elizabeth's reign, with London acting as a magnet to rural labourers and the impoverished for the opportunity of work.

Question 62

When was the first Poor Law Act passed? What did this determine? - Elizabeth I

Answer 62

The first Poor Law Act was passed in 1576. This attempted to create a national system of poor relief that would be administered and financed locally, as well as provision for local employment for the unemployed.

Question 63

When was the final Poor Law passed? What did this determine? - Elizabeth I

Answer 63

The final Poor Law was passed in 1601. This set up the parish as the centre for the raising and administration of poor relief. Each parish would have an overseer of the poor to ensure that collection of funds and administration was done properly. They would also relieve the impotent poor, create work for the able-bodied and apprentice children.

Question 64

Describe the treatment of the undeserving poor. When was an act passed to add branding to the punishments for this group? - Elizabeth I

Answer 64

The undeserving poor continued to be treated poorly, with it remaining to be the case that the poor would be whipped. In 1572, an act was passed to add branding to the punishments for this group.

Question 65

What was the significance of the 1597 Poor Law in terms of punishing the undeserving poor? - Elizabeth I

Answer 65

The 1597 Poor Law set down that first time offenders from the undeserving poor would be whipped and returned to their parish, with repeated offenders being executed.

Question 66

When did rebellions occur in Ireland during the middle of Elizabeth's reign? (x2, from-until) - Elizabeth I

Answer 66

Rebellions occurred in Ireland from 1569 to 1573 and from 1579 to 1582.

Question 67

When did the Irish rebel (led by Tyrone) against the English, later to be exploited by the Spanish? - Elizabeth I

Answer 67

Tyrone led an Irish rebellion in 1595 against the English, with this later attempted to be exploited by the Spanish in 1596 by involving the Irish in an armada.

Question 68

When did the Battle of Yellow Ford occur? What was the outcome of this/impacts of this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 68

The Battle of Yellow Ford took place in 1598, with the Irish rebels being victorious over the English. This led to Tyrone taking control of much of Ireland 'beyond the Pale' and threatening to establish an independent and Catholic Ireland.

Question 69

When did Elizabeth send Essex to Ireland to resolve issues of rebellion there? What action did Essex take? - Elizabeth I

Answer 69

Elizabeth sent Essex to Ireland in 1599 to resolve issues of rebellion. This saw Essex disobey the Queen by making a truce with Tyrone rather than engaging in battle, before returning to Court. This truce then expired and Tyrone moved to take greater control of Ireland.

Question 70

Who replaced Essex as the Lord Lieutenant in Ireland? What action did they take? - Elizabeth I

Answer 70

Essex was replaced as Lord Lieutenant in Ireland by Lord Mountjoy. They sought to reassert Crown control of Ireland by driving back Tyrone's forces.

Question 71

When did the English triumph in Ireland under the command of Mountjoy? When did Mountjoy and Tyrone conclude a peace? - Elizabeth I

Answer 71

Mountjoy triumphed over the Irish on Christmas Eve 1601, later agreeing a peace deal in March 1603.

Question 72

What changes did Elizabeth make to the appointments of border wardens for the Scottish border? What issues were there with this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 72

Elizabeth made it so that southerners were appointed to roles overseeing the Scottish border rather than the use of northern nobility families. This resulted in individuals being installed here to oversee order and prevent the loss of control of the Crown over a potentially tempestuous region without having any support from locals, border clans or landed families.

Question 73

When did the Northern Rebellion begin? What possible motives were there for this rebellion? - Elizabeth I

Answer 73

The Northern Rebellion began on the 9th November 1569. This was potentially motivated by the opposition to Elizabeth's religious agenda in the North, while the rebellion's leaders felt as though they had been deprived of political positions in controlling Northern government, stoking anger.

Question 74

What actions did the rebels in the Northern Rebellion take around Durham and the North East at the start of the rebellion? - Elizabeth I

Answer 74

Rebels involved in the Northern Rebellion marched on Durham, seizing the city and hearing mass in the Cathedral here.

Question 75

Where did the Northern Rebellion rebels advance to after Durham? What action was taken here? - Elizabeth I

Answer 75

The Northern Rebellion then advanced from Durham to York, camping around the city but never making any attempt to capture it.

Question 76

When did the Northern Rebellion rebels take Barnard Castle? What action followed after this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 76

The Northern Rebellion rebels took Barnard Castle on the 14th December 1569. The rebels however decided to disband when hearing that a Crown force was moving north and fled into Scotland.

Question 77

When did a portion of the Northern Rebellion restart following it initially being disbanded in December 1569? Where was this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 77

A portion of the Northern Rebellion restarted in January 1570 after it initially being disbanded, with this taking place in Cumberland.

Question 78

Which 2 Earls were heavily involved in leading the Northern Rebellion? - Elizabeth I

Answer 78

The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland were prominent leaders in the Northern Rebellion.

Question 79

When did Elizabeth reinstate the Council of the North? Who controlled this and what advantages/disadvantages were there with this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 79

Elizabeth reinstated the Council of the North in 1572, with this being under the control of the Earl of Huntingdon. The Earl was a puritan who could impose religious reforms on the heavily Catholic North, but was an outsider without local ties or support.

Question 80

How many rebels were ordered to be executed following the Northern Rebellion? How many were actually executed? - Elizabeth I

Answer 80

Elizabeth ordered the execution of 700 rebels following the Northern Rebellion, when in actual fact only 450 were executed.

Question 81

How many rebels marched on Bramham Moor as part of the Northern Rebellion? - Elizabeth I

Answer 81

5400 rebels marched on Bramham Moor as part of the Northern Rebellion.

Question 82

What % of England’s wealth belonged to 1% of families under Elizabeth? - Elizabeth I

Answer 82

Under Elizabeth, 14% of England’s wealth belonged to 1% of families.

Question 83

What % of national income did commoners provide under Elizabeth? - Elizabeth I

Answer 83

Commoners provided 20% of income under Elizabeth.

Question 84

By what % did the cost of living increase under Elizabeth? - Elizabeth I

Answer 84

Cost of living increased by 60% under Elizabeth.

Question 85

How did Elizabeth attempt to preserve arable farming against the rise in profitability of livestock farming? When? - Elizabeth I

Answer 85

Elizabeth passed a statute in 1598 against conversion of tillage to pasture and against engrossing to prevent the impacts of enclosure, allowing subsistence farming and arable production to continue.

Question 86

What % of people in towns lived in absolute poverty? What % of people in the countryside lived in absolute poverty? - Elizabeth I

Answer 86

20% of people in towns lived in absolute poverty, while 10% of people in the countryside did the same.

Question 87

What % of land was enclosed in the worst impacted areas in 1603? - Elizabeth I

Answer 87

9% of land was enclosed in the worst impacted areas in 1603.

Question 88

What was the size of the population by the end of Elizabeth's reign? - Elizabeth I

Answer 88

England had a population of 4 million by 1603.

Question 89

By what % did wages and agricultural commodities respectively increase over Elizabeth's reign? - Elizabeth I

Answer 89

Wages increased by 90% over Elizabeth's reign, but agricultural commodities increased by 170%.

Question 90

What % of wages were spent on food and basic commodities in Elizabethan England? - Elizabeth I

Answer 90

80% of wages were spent on food and basics in Elizabeth’s reign.

Question 91

When did the Essex Rebellion take place? What caused this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 91

The Essex Rebellion took place in 1601. This was caused when Essex, having fallen from his importance in government following his failure in Ireland and treason charges, attempted to launch an armed coup of government to remove Robert Cecil from government and reassert his influence in court.

Question 92

Describe the events of the Essex Rebellion - Elizabeth I

Answer 92

Essex gathered 300 supporters at Essex House in London. Privy councillors arrived and ordered Essex to stand down, but he held them captive. He then attempted to gather more support, but upon returning to Essex House had seen his hostages released. He was later persuaded to surrender.

Question 93

How many rebels participated in the Essex Rebellion? What action was taken to deal with these? - Elizabeth I

Answer 93

300 rebels participated in the Essex Rebellion. Essex and his 5 associates were executed, although other participants had no action taken against them.

Question 94

What happened to the value of domestic trade in relation to foreign trade? What example is there of this? - Elizabeth I

Answer 94

Domestic trade substantially grew to exceed the value of foreign trade. This can be seen through the movement of coal from the Tyne in Newcastle to the Thames in order to meet demands of London industry.

Question 95

How many slave-trading expeditions did John Hawkins lead? What was the outcome of his final expedition? - Elizabeth I

Answer 95

Hawkins led 3 slave trading expeditions, with the first 2 of significant economic benefit. The final expedition failed somewhat when his fleet was blockaded in Mexico, preventing him from extracting the desired amount of profit from this conquest.

Question 96

When was the Muscovy Company set up and where did this operate? How successful was this operation? - Elizabeth I

Answer 96

The Muscovy Company was set up in 1555, operating in Russia and Northern Europe. This was successful to a partial extent as it could not effectively compete with the Dutch.

Question 97

When was the Eastland Company set up and where did this operate? How successful was this operation? - Elizabeth I

Answer 97

The Eastland Company was set up in 1579 to operate in the Baltic. This operation was very limited in its success.

Question 98

When was the Levant Company set up and where did this operate? How successful was this operation? - Elizabeth I

Answer 98

The Levant Company was set up in 1581, operating in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire. This was very successful in developing trade in the Ottoman Empire.

Question 99

When was the East India Company set up and where did it operate? How successful was this operation? - Elizabeth I

Answer 99

The East India Company was set up in 1600, operating in Asia. This struggled to dominate the Dutch's significant power over trade in this area, meaning it could not compete properly.

Question 100

When did Raleigh attempt to colonise the Americas? Where and with what success? - Elizabeth I

Answer 100

Raleigh set out to colonise the Americas in 1585, landing on Roanoke Island (in future North Carolina). This had no success whatsoever, with investors in the expedition not rewarded after the poorly organised expedition led to the death of many on the journey.

Question 101

What are examples of towns that saw relative urban decline in England under Elizabeth? What are examples of towns that saw urban improvement in England under Elizabeth? - Elizabeth I

Answer 101

Winchester and Stamford saw significant decline under Elizabeth, although York, Plymouth, Manchester and Norwich saw their situations improve under Elizabeth's reign.

Question 102

How many of Elizabeth's 44 harvests were described as poor? - Elizabeth I

Answer 102

9 of 44 harvests under Elizabeth were described as poor.

Question 103

When did 4 successive bad harvests occur under Elizabeth? - Elizabeth I

Answer 103

4 bad harvests occurred under Elizabeth from 1594 to 1597.

Question 104

By 1596, by what factor had real wages fallen in the previous 9 years? - Elizabeth I

Answer 104

By 1596, real wages had fallen by 50% to the level 9 years previously.

Question 105

When did a subsistence crisis occur under the reign of Elizabeth? - Elizabeth I

Answer 105

Elizabeth's reign saw a major subsistence crisis in 1596/7, when people struggled to feed themselves from their own crops.

Question 106

How many homeless people are reported to have starved in Newcastle under Elizabeth? - Elizabeth I

Answer 106

25 homeless people were reported to have starved in Newcastle under Elizabeth during the worst of her harvesting issues.

Question 107

How many times larger was the value of possessions left by labourers in Hertfordshire compared to Northern labourers? - Elizabeth I

Answer 107

Labourers in Hertfordshire owned possessions valued at 3 times of those left by Northern labourers.