Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NUT 111AV FINAL > 5. Energy Balance and Body Composition > Flashcards

5. Energy Balance and Body Composition Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Where and how do endocrine hormones act? Where are they secreted?

A
  • Act systematically
  • Generally slow and long lasting
  • Secreted into the blood stream and circulate throughout the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where and how do exocrine hormones act? Where are they secreted?

A
  • Act locally
  • Direct and fast acting
  • Secreted into ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the main anabolic hormones.

A
  • Insulin
  • Growth hormones
  • IGF-1
  • Testosterone and estrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the main catabolic hormones.

A
  • Glucagon
  • Cortisol
  • Adranaline/epinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the fate of ingested nutrients depend on?

A
  • Energy state of the body

- Amount and type of nutrient already present and available in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the major pathways for converting food to energy?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • TCA cycle
  • ETC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Briefly summarize glycolysis.

A

Converts 1 glucose –> 2 pyruvate + high energy molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the products of the TCA cycle?

A

High-energy molecules and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain?

A

High-energy moleules are used to produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What organ gets first access to many of the body’s nutrients? What does it do w/ them?

A

Liver

  • takes what it needs for energy
  • converts macronutriends to what the body and brain need according to the signals present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In terms of the energy state of the body, what is a key factor that helps determine the metabolic fate of macronutrients?

A

ATP:ADP ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What substrate CAN’T the liver use for fuel? Why not? What happens to this substrate?

A

Ketones

  • Can produce ketones for use as fuel by other tissues
  • Has little ability to enzymatically break down ketones for energy in its own cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What tissues and organs are most important for maintaining energy homeostasis?

A
  • Liver
  • Muscle
  • Adipose tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type(s) of fuel is used by RBCs?

A

Only glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type(s) of fuel is/are used by the brain?

A
  • Primarily glucose

- Ketones when in a starving state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type(s) of fuel is/are used by skeletal muscles and the heart?

A

Just about everything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type(s) of fuel is/are used by adipose tissue?

A

Glucose and fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of metabolites does the Krebs/TCA cycle have inputs and outputs for?

A
  • Monosaccharide metabolites
  • Fatty acid metabolites
  • AA metabolites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 primary energy-requiring cellular processes?

A
  • Membrane transport
  • Synthesis of molecules
  • Mechanical work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What makes up an ATP molecule?

A
  • Nucleotide adenosine

- Tail consisting of 3 phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the net amount of ATP produced when a glucose molecule is oxidized? Through what process does this occur?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

32-36 net ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How much ATP is produced when a 16 carbon fatty acid is oxidized? Through what process does this occur?

A
  • Beta-oxidation

- 131 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why does beta oxidation produce more ATP than aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Energy is released (ATP is produced) when carbon-hydrogen bonds are broke
Fatty acids have more carbon-hydrogen bonds than glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many beta-oxidation cycles are in a 16 carbon fatty acid? Why?

A

7 b/c 2 usable carbons are left remaining after the 7th beta-oxidation cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 2 main energy-producing stages in fatty acid metabolism?
- Beta-oxidation | - Krebs cycle
26
What are the products of each beta oxidation cycle of a 16 carbon fatty acid?
- 1 NADH | - 1 FADH2
27
In the Krebs Cycle, what does each acetyl-CoA produce?
- 3 NADH - 1 FADH2 - 1 ATP
28
What are fatty acids NOT easily converted to?
Glucose
29
What substrates can be converted into pyruvate? Which cannot? What are these substrates converted into?
- Proteins, carbs, and glycerol can | - Fat cannot --> converted into Acetyl-CoA
30
What is the significance of being able to be converted to pyruvate?
Can be converted into Acetyl-CoA
31
Is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA a reversible or irreversible rxn?
Irreversible
32
What are the 2 most important intermediates of metabolism?
- Acetyl Co-A | - Pyruvate
33
What is the "link reaction"? Why was it named this? What enzyme does this rxn usually catalyze?
- Energy-releasing conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A - Forms an important link b/t the metabolic pathways of glycolysis and the TCA cycle - This rxn usually catalyzes the same enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase
34
What processes is acetyl-CoA involved in?
- Forms citrate in TCA cycle - Used for energy production - Gluconeogenesis - Fatty acid precursors
35
What are the roles of the liver in metabolism?
- Key processor and distributor of nutrients - Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis - Protein synthesis, catabolism, conversion to other compounds - Lipoprotein synthesis
36
How can a liver become damaged? Consequence?
- Fatty liver from a poor diet, hepatitis, too much alcohol, or meds - Not be able to perform its metabolic functions properly
37
What is the body's one main hormone that deals w/ nutrient storage?
Insulin
38
Why is excess fat unhealthy?
- When cell and organs get filled w/ fat, they can no longer function properly - Too much fat can cause cells to put out inflammatory signals, which increase the risk for certain chronic diseases - Excess weight puts stress on joints, causing peeps to be less active
39
What are the stages of the fed-fast cycle? How long does each last?
1. Fed state: first 3 hrs after meal ingestion 2. Postabsorptive/early fasting state 3-(12-18) hrs after meal 3. Fasting state 18 hrs - 2 days w/o additional food intake 4. Starvation/long-term fast: fully adapted to deprivation that can last several weeks
40
How long can you survive without water?
3 days
41
How long can you go without food? Depending on what?
3-4 weeks depending on how much fat you have stored in your body
42
What happens to metabolism during the fed state?
Metabolism is shifted towards anabolism and storage
43
What is the main hormone increased or activated after a meal?
Insulin
44
What are the main hormones increased or activated during a fast?
- Glucagon - Epinephrine - Cortisol
45
What do incretin hormones do? When are they activated?
- Cause an increase in insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon secretion - Activated after a meal
46
What are the functions of insulin?
- Stimulates the uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and AAs by muscle and adipose tissue - Promotes storage of carbs, lipids, protein by increasing the activity of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of glycogen, lipids, and protein - Inhibits expression or activity of enzymes that catalyze the catabolism of glycogen, lipids and proteins
47
What is hyperinsulinemia? Where is it primarily seen? Consequences?
-A state of having too much insulin -Primarily seen in muscle and adipose tissue -Muscle loses ability to stimulate glucose uptake adipose tissue no longer inhibits FFAs -Increased blood glucose and FFA
48
What is the primary tissue for glucose uptake?
Skeletal muscle
49
What can help muscles take up glucose in a non-insulin dependent manner?
Exercise
50
In a person w/ hyperinsulinemia, what organs retain insulin sensitivity? How?
- Liver and kidney | - Not GLUT4 dependent --> use GLUT 2 transporters to uptake glucose
51
What is the criteria for metabolic syndrome?
Patient has at least 3 of the following 5 conditions: - Elevated waist circumference - Elevated triacylglycerols - Reduced HDL - Elevated BP - Elevated fasting glucose
52
What is the primary treatment for all of the risk factors of metabolic syndrome?
Weight loss
53
What is the significance of central adipose?
Very metabolically active tissue that puts out a lot of inflammatory molecules
54
What is body mass index? Downfall? Equation?
Measure of adiposity, but does not measure body fat | BMI = weight/height^2
55
How is anthropometry used to measure body composition?
Calipers used as a tool to measure skin folds
56
What is densitometry? How is it used to measure body composition?
- Underwater weighing | - Equations used to estimate bone density and ratio of lean:fat mass
57
How is the air-displacement (bod pod) method used to measure body composition?
Determines body volume
58
How does absorptiometry measure body composition?
Uses dual energy X-rays to measure bone density
59
How does computerized tomography measure body composition?
Creates images of cross sections of body
60
List the different methods of measuring body composition.
- Anthropometry - Densitometry - Air-displacement (bod pod) - Bioelectrical impedance analysis - Absorptiometry - Computerized tomography
61
What are the gender references for body composition? What distinguishes males from females?
- Male: less fat, more muscle and bone mass | - Female: more fat, less muscle and bone mass
62
Define energy balance.
Energy intake - energy output
63
What defines an energy imbalance?
Weight gain or loss
64
What defines energy intake?
Sum of energy provided by all the food and beverages consumed and derived from the oxidation/breakdown of carbs, protein, fat, alcohols
65
What defines energy output?
Absorption, metabolism, and storage of nutrients in the food we eat and the energy we spend as we sustain life
66
What are calories?
Basic unit in nutrition that is used to measure energy in kcals
67
What is a kcal?
Amount of heat necesary to increase the temp of 1 g of water 1 °C
68
What is bomb calorimetry? How does it work?
- Method used to measure the energy/calories in food | - 1 g of dried food is combusted and the heat released is measured
69
How much heat does 1 g of carbs release? Protein? Fat? Alcohol?
- Protein, carbs = 4 cal/g - Alcohol = 7 cal/g - Fat = 9 cal/g
70
What does direct calorimetry measure?
Dissipation of heat from the body
71
What does indirect calorimetry measure?
Measures consumption of O2 and expiration of CO2
72
List the ways of assessing energy expenditure.
- Direct calorimetry - Indirect calorimetry - Harris-Benedict Equation
73
What is basal metabolic rate? What % of daily energy output does this account for?
- Amount of calories necessary for homeostasis (energy expenditure for sustaining life) - ~60-70% of daily energy output
74
What is the equation for resting energy expenditure? What % of daily energy output does each component account for?
BMR + thermic effect of food + activity - TEF ~5-10% - Activity ~20-30%
75
What is considered a "healthy" BMI range?
19-24
76
What does the Harris-Benedict equation estimate?
Basal metabolic rate
77
What BMI range is considered underweight?
78
What BMI range is considered overweight?
25-29.9
79
What BMI range is considered obese?
> 30

NUT 111AV FINAL (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions