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Module 1 courseworks > 5 - Hygiene and pests > Flashcards

5 - Hygiene and pests Flashcards

1
Q

T/F The food safety act primarily focuses on consumer protection in the food sector

A

True

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2
Q

T/F The milling industry is exempt from ensuring production conditions that prevent contamination under the food safety act

A

False

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3
Q

The most important objective of a flour miller must be to provide a product which is safe for the end use. … and … are two of the fundamental requirements of … …

A

Hygiene, pest prevention, food safety

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4
Q

List 4 reasons why a miller must prevent and control infestations

A
  1. Flour is food so it should be produced under clean conditions
  2. Poor hygiene standards could result in bad publicity
  3. Retailing and manufacturing companies require high standards of hygiene from their suppliers and mills are regularly inspected by customers specialists
  4. High mill hygiene standards are necessary to fulfil the millers legal requirements under H&S at work act, food safety act and regulations
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5
Q

T/F Stored wheat and wheat products are only attacked by insects

A

False

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6
Q

What are the principles of a good hygiene system

A

Clean premises and equipment
High personal standards
Control of infestation

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7
Q

List 4 key principles of a cleaning schedule

A
  1. frequency of cleaning
  2. Who is responsible for carrying out tasks and supervising the operation
  3. How the cleaning is to be done
  4. Any safety precautions needed
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8
Q

List the 6 basic factors of infestation control that apply to everyone in the mill

A
  1. The problem is never entirely solved, regular cleaning and constant vigilance is required
  2. Cleanliness is important
  3. Any evidence of rodents or droppings should be reported
  4. Insect bait traps and pheromone traps should be checked to a schedule
  5. Pallets should be stacked away from walls and stock rotated
  6. Unnecessary and disused equipment should be removed from production and storage areas
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9
Q

T/F The cleaning schedule is an essential part of maintaining good mill hygiene standards

A

True

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10
Q

In deciding how long the timescale should be, mills need to take into account the …, … and layout of the mill and the … used

A

age, design, materials

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11
Q

List 6 issues you should consider in your cleaning programme

A
  1. Risk of infestation
  2. Life cycle of possible pests
  3. Residual effect of any insecticide applied
  4. Manageable workload
  5. Spread the workload evenly through the period of the schedule
  6. Cleaning equipment when routine maintenance work is done
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12
Q

T/F Larger mills traditionally rely solely on full-time cleaning staff for maintaining cleanliness

A

False

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13
Q

Which main insect pests are stored in wheat

A

Beatles and moths

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14
Q

Insect species are ‘cold-blooded’ and their development is dependent upon environmental temperatures. At what temps do we see increased activity and speedier development

A

38’

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15
Q

Most insects, including all … grain insect pests, have a life cycle characterised by a ‘complete …’

A

primary, metamorphosis

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16
Q

Describe the 4 stages of an insects life cycle

A
  1. adult - displays insect features, males and females mate to produce large numbers of eggs
  2. Egg - small, whitish, inconspicuous, laid by female near food source, resistant to insecticides
  3. Larva - small when first emerging, feeds and grows, shell is soft, moults 4-6 times before becoming pupa
  4. Pupa - non feeding and non damaging state, metamorphosis in life cycle, in a silken cocoon
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17
Q

Insect pests of wheat and wheat products can be divided into … and … insects

A

Primary and secondary

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18
Q

T/F - Primary insect pests are true storage pests, attacking cereal grains and other stored foods, feeding and breeding in the food

A

True

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19
Q

List 4 types of primary insect pests

A

Saw tooth grain beetle
Grain weevil
Rust-red grain beetle
lesser grain borer

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20
Q

T/F Mites, being arachnids, have 6 legs like insects

A

False

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21
Q

How can the presence of mites in flour be detected

A

By observing a flattening out a small peak formed in the flour sample

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22
Q

T/F Secondary inspect pests primarily feed on live insects and mites rather than on debris and spilled grains

A

False

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23
Q

What condition is necessary for mites to survive and breed in cereal grains

A

Warm grain above 14’C

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24
Q

Describe the ways insects and mites can enter a mill

A
  1. Already established before a consignment arrives
  2. Arrive in lorries carrying incoming loads of grain
  3. Be present in old food residues in freight containers
  4. Be carried into the mill from infested wood or plastic pallets
  5. Be transported in holds of grain carrying ships and barges
  6. Be transferred from a neighbouring infested site
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25
Q

List the 3 main commercial impacts an insect infestation can have on a flour mill

A
  1. Deterioration of wheat
  2. Contamination of flour
  3. Interference with mill process
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26
Q

What provide insect and mite pests with ideal living conditions

A

food and humidity
harbourage
warmth

27
Q

T/F - Infestation can develop rapidly from a small number of insects if storage conditions are sufficiently warm

A

True

28
Q

Hot spots encourage even faster breeding and development of insects and can occur in grains dried down to normal moisture contents of 14%

A

True

29
Q

Insect fragments, their excreta, and mite … flour. Even low levels of … cause significant contamination. Flour infested by beetles can … … and its baking qualities are reduced. However, heavy infestations are rare.

A

contaminate, infestation, smell sour

30
Q

What effect do mite body fluids have on flour and baked products

A

Sour minty smell

31
Q

T/F Grain has low thermal conductivity

A

True

32
Q

Describe 4 main potential problem areas that allow insects to breed and overwinter in farm grain stores that may be found on wheat arriving at flour mills

A
  1. Dead spaces
  2. Damp wheat residues inside conveyors and elevators - small black flies
  3. Areas of high humidity - house moth larvae
  4. Any dark inaccessible areas with an unattended spillage
33
Q

T/F Elevator pits, beneath silos or mills, cannot become infested by beetles?

A

False

34
Q

T/F The spread of the mediterranean flour moth was not influenced by the introduction of roller mills

A

False

35
Q

Explain which is the better floor surfaces and why
1) Smooth terrazo floor verses concrete screed
2) Polished concrete verses plain concrete

A
  1. Smooth terrazo floor is better because concrete is more pitted so harder to clean
  2. Polished concrete is better than plain concrete because it is easier to clean
36
Q

What can infest a break and reduction rollermill

A

Grain beetle, flour beetle, mill moth

37
Q

T/F Flour beetles primarily infest live machinery and equipment within a mill, avoiding dead spaces

A

False - they love dead spaces

38
Q

Some machines have … spaces into which … stock gradually finds its way, allowing .. reinfestation of the more … parts of the machine

A

dead, infested, intermittent, exposed

39
Q

Explain why metal and polycarbonate purifiers are better than wooden ones

A

They are less likely to become infested, but flour beetles can still become established in the elasticated ends in any stock residue and in aspiration channels

40
Q

Explain why production bin tops should be kept clean and why silos can can be difficult to clean

A

They should be kept clean as moths and beetles may breed in spillages and enter bins via lids and dust extraction units
Silos can be difficult to clean because it is not always possible to access every level, so things such as horizontal girders and pipes are inaccessible

41
Q

Insects pass through … mechanisms and enter feed chutes of either individual bagging machines or multiple feed ‘carousel’ units. Flour split onto the internal … of belt conveyors and self stacking/pallet loading machines may become …

A

weigher, ledges, infested

42
Q

Which pests can sparrows introduce to bagged flour awaiting dispathc

A

Spider beetles

43
Q

Which areas within a bulk wheatfeed collection system or pellet making plant are susceptible to infestation by moths and beetles

A

Dust collection system, holding bins, discharge mechanism

44
Q

T/F Fruit flies, fungus beetles, psocids and mites primarily breed in dry areas of a production facility

A

False

45
Q

T/F It is not necessary to clean pallets before using them in the bagging section if they have been treated with an insecticide spray

A

False

46
Q

Some warehouse areas are … from milling sections by wooden … Gaps around the panels can be difficult to clean, thus encouraging …

A

separated, partitions, infestation

47
Q

Explain how rats and mice enter buildings and how they cause damage

A

They enter via damaged walls, gantries, pipe runs and badly fitting doors.
They can cause damage to doors, windows, electrical wiring and computer systems and even cause fires.

48
Q

Explain the ways rodents can cause potential damage

A
  1. Spread diseases which can be fatal
  2. Eat grain and flour and contaminate it with droppings and hair
  3. They can damage the structure of the building, water pipes and electric cables
49
Q

Sewer rates produce how many droppings per day

A

40

50
Q

T/F The black rat, aka the ship or roof rat, is commonly encountered in britain, often residing indoors in various locations beyond port areas

A

False - it is infrequently encounteres

50
Q

List 3 other names for a brown rat

A
  1. Norway rat
  2. Common rat
  3. Sewer rat
51
Q

What physical characteristics distinguish the house mouse, the most common rodoent pest in uk mills

A

Large hairless ears and longish tail, grey-brown fur

52
Q

T/F Bird pests do not contaminate grain with droppings, feathers or nesting material, but solely consume it

A

False

53
Q

Bird pests can cause potential damage, list two internal causes

A

They spread disease, they contaminate products with nesting material, droppings and feathers

54
Q

What is a potential damage caused by bird pests externally

A

Blocking gutters and spouts with droppings and nests - leads to water overflow and timber decay

55
Q

Describe 6 ways infestation can be managed

A
  1. Food spillages removed frequently
  2. Structural damage repaired and cracked and broken windows replaced
  3. ledges should be avoided as they can accumulate dust
  4. Proper warehousing techniques should be implemented - stock rotation, stacking pallets away from walls
  5. Premises thoroughly cleaned after maintenance work
  6. Spare or disused equipment cleaned and removed from production
56
Q

T/F It is unnecessary to prevent access to water supplies in areas where edible spillages occur, as rats and mice typically obtain sufficient water from the food they consume

A

False - edibile spillages should be removed and access to water supplies prevented

57
Q

What is the primary difference between proofing against rat entry and proofing against mouse entry

A

Rat proofing is generally possible, but mice can squeeze through very small gaps as little as 7mm wide

58
Q

T/F Stock rotation discourages nesting

A

True

59
Q

Why is it recommended to cut back vegetation adjacent to buildings, providing approx. 3m of clearance

A

To reduce the risk of pest infestations and structural damage.

60
Q

Edible … should be removed and access to water supplies … (Rats require a source of water. Mice generally obtain sufficient … from the products they are eating including flour.)

A

Spillages, prevented, water

61
Q

Why is it recommended to minimise cover around premises and remove debris or disused machinery left close to buildings

A

To discourage nesting of pests

62
Q

List and explain 4 ways you can prevent bird infestation

A
  1. Restricting food availability by eliminating spillages
  2. Prevent nesting
  3. Proof the premises to prevent birds entering or resting
  4. If access cannot be easily prevented, loading spouts should be fitted with a cover when not in use

Module 1 courseworks (5 decks)

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