5 - Perceptual development Flashcards
(67 cards)
What is the main feature for young infants when figuring out if an object is one or to separate objects?
common movement -0- if the line behind the 0 was moving same pace and direction on both sides infants would perceive it as one object/line. if no movement occurs they are less sure if it is two lines or one passing behind the 0 movement = habituation to --- not - - no movement = habituation to neither
common movement is more important than colour or texture differences
In the -0- experiment what do babies habituate to in each level?
movement = habituation to — not - -
no movement = habituation to neither
Kellman and Spelke 1983
-0- object segregation and movement experiment. who? when?
What other feature of objects do older infants use when determining object segregation?
Gravity.
a) |– b) |_
a has to be one object because that line can’t float by itself
b could be on or two
again gravity is more important than colour/texture differences
what is the first visual cue that develops for us to perceive depth?
Optical expansion:
-as an object comes closer it expands and occludes more and more of the background.
if it expands symmetrically we know it is headed straight for us
How old are infants that show responses to objects ‘heading straight for them?’ What are they using to perceive depth?
- 1 month
- Optical expansion
What are all the things we use to perceive depth in order?
- optical expansion
- stereopsis/binocular disparity
- monocular cues
- lines converging in the distance
- relative size
- object occlusion
What is the second thing that develops to allow infants to perceive depth? At what age?
- Stereopsis due to binocular disparity
- develops suddenly within a few weeks at around 4 months
- the fact that our eyes produce slightly different neural images and the closer an object is, the more different the images will be. our brain calculates the disparity between these images.
What is stereopsis
The process by which the visual cortex compares the disparity between neural images in order to provide depth perception
When does stereopsis develop and why?
- suddenly at 4 months within a few weeks
- development of the visual cortex
What are the monocular depth cues?
- depth cues that can still be used with only one eye working
- relative size
- objects in the foreground occlude objects behind them/ in the background
- lines converging in the distance
When do monocular depth cues develop?
6/7 months of age
What is the last depth cue to develop in infants?
monocular depth cues
How were monocular depth cues tested?
By putting an eye patch on babies and presenting them with that slanty window thingy. (one side is taller than the other so that side seems closer). babies reach for objects closest to them and after 7 months they reach for the tall side
What are monocular cues otherwise known as?
Pictoral cues
Pictoral cues
Monocular cues
What is the slanty window thingy called?
Ames window
For how long do infants continue treating pictures as if they are objects?
19 months - unit they have sufficient experience with them
What is auditory localisation?
When infants turn their head towards a sound source.
What age do infants show auditory localization?
Do this from the moment they’re born
-sound needs to continue for several seconds because they turn they’re heads very slowly
How good is infants hearing?
Born with relatively good auditory development.
the quietest sound an adult can hear is 4 time quieter than the first sound a baby can hear.
When does infants hearing match adults
Not until 6 or 5 years
What can infants respond to in music?
- rhythm
- melody
- temporal organisation
- prefer music with pauses between phrases rather than in the middle
- consonance and dissonance (babies prefer consonance)
Dissonance
Jarring horrible sounding chord
often minor sounds
