5. What measures are available to help people cope with living in tectonically active locations? Flashcards
(16 cards)
How does Mt Etna mitigate against the volcanic event itself?
Lava diversion barriers (e.g. Zafferana Etnea, 1992).
Earth barriers and explosives used to redirect lava flow.
Monitoring: GPS, tiltmeters, thermal imaging detect ground movement and heat.
How does Mt Etna mitigate against vulnerability?
Risk maps guide land use planning.
Public education and school drills.
Civil Protection Service coordinates early warning alerts and evacuation.
How does Mt Etna mitigate against losses?
Temporary shelters for evacuees.
Government aid funds for rebuilding homes and businesses.
Road and utility repairs done quickly to restore infrastructure.
How does Mt Merapi mitigate against the volcanic event itself?
Exclusion zones mapped and expanded after 2010 eruption.
River channels cleared to reduce lahars.
Improved monitoring system after 2010 with seismometers and gas sensors.
How does Mt Merapi mitigate against vulnerability?
Evacuation drills in high-risk villages.
Education campaigns using radio and mosque speakers.
Hazard maps shared with local communities.
How does Mt Merapi mitigate against losses?
Emergency camps for over 350,000 evacuees.
Red Cross provided aid and medical care.
Long-term resettlement schemes for people in high-risk areas.
How does Japan mitigate against earthquake events?
Strict land-use zoning restricts building in tsunami-risk areas.
Tsunami sea walls and offshore breakwaters built or reviewed post-Tohoku.
Nationwide earthquake drills (Disaster Prevention Day, Sept 1).
How does Japan mitigate against vulnerability?
Earthquake-resistant building codes (flexible steel frames, deep foundations).
Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system via phone alerts, TV, trains.
Public education through schools and campaigns.
How does Japan mitigate against losses?
Insurance uptake is high (Earthquake Reinsurance Scheme).
Emergency relief centres opened immediately post-disaster.
Fast deployment of 100,000 troops to aid in rescue and recovery.
How did Haiti mitigate against the earthquake event itself?
Very limited mitigation before 2010 due to lack of resources.
No land-use zoning; buildings constructed informally.
After 2010, some zoning introduced in reconstruction planning.
How did Haiti mitigate against vulnerability?
Post-2010: NGOs trained local builders in earthquake-resistant methods.
Risk awareness campaigns promoted by UN and NGOs.
Reinforced concrete techniques adopted in new schools and homes.
How did Haiti mitigate against losses?
Relief from international aid: food, water, shelters.
Debt cancellation and global donations (~$13.5 billion pledged).
Long-term recovery plans (e.g. “Build Back Better” initiative).
What is the Disaster Risk Equation?
Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability / Capacity to Cope
If vulnerability increases or coping capacity decreases, risk rises.
If hazard probability rises (e.g. more frequent eruptions), risk increases.
How have tectonic hazard risks changed over time?
Urbanisation and population growth = more people exposed.
Climate change increases secondary risks (e.g. flooding, lahars).
Technological advances improve monitoring, warnings, and resilience.
What is the Park Model?
A graph showing disaster response over time:
Pre-disaster: Normality
Immediate response: Sudden drop in quality of life
Relief stage: Aid and emergency help
Rehabilitation: Services start returning
Reconstruction: Improvements and learning
What are future strategies to cope with tectonic hazards?
Improved satellite monitoring and AI-based prediction systems.
Community-led risk mapping and planning.
International cooperation for early warning and funding resilience.
