50% Final

Question 1

Unlimited resources

Answer 1

Competition does not occur

Question 2

Population experience an exponential growth

Answer 2

Unlimited resources

Question 3

Population experiences a logistic growth (moving toward carrying capacity K)

Answer 3

Limited resources

Question 4

Conditions which a species actually lives under (niches it is found in the real world) , due to biotic interaction such as predation and competition (aka actual habitats of the species)

Answer 4

Realized niche

Question 5

Competitive exclusion principle

Answer 5

States that no two species can co-exist in exactly the same niche. One species will drive the other to extinction

Question 6

Comprehensive set of all
Potential habitats for a species; the set of environmental conditions under which an organism could potentially survive in the absence of other species

Answer 6

Fundamental niche

Question 7

Look at lotka volterra on google doc

Answer 7

Yay

Question 8

Herbivory

Answer 8

Animals eat plants

Question 9

Parasitism

Answer 9

Parasite gains at host’s expense

Question 10

Parasitoid

Answer 10

Larvae live as parasites that eventually kill their host

Question 11

Predation

Answer 11

Animals eat other animals

Question 12

Prey and predator cycles

As prey density increases (peaks), predator population……

Answer 12

Also increases

Question 13

Prey and predator cycles

As predator density increases (peaks), prey population…..

Answer 13

Decreases

Question 14

Prey and predator cycles

What causes thee prey density to increase again?

Answer 14

The predator population will die from starvation

Question 15

List the 6 limitations of Lotka-Volterra model:

Answer 15

No crowding

Equal chance encounter between prey and predator

Prey is the only food for predator

Predation is the only major cause of prey death

No handling time

No immigration or emigration

Question 16

A population is controlled by the tropic levels above it (predator it exploiter)

Answer 16

Top down regulation

Question 17

Bottom up regulation

Answer 17

A population is controlled by the trophic level below it (i.e. By resource availability)

Question 18

Transmitter species responds to initiator species by altering phenotype; this trait change alters it’s interaction with receiver species

Answer 18

Trait-mediated indirect interactions

Question 19

Initiator species causes s change in the density of the transmitter species; this change in density directly impacts the receiver species

Answer 19

Density-mediated indirect interaction

Question 20

Have large effects on identity and diversity of other species in community because of abundance/large biomass

Answer 20

Foundation species

Question 21

Predators in a food web suppress the abundance or alter the behavior of prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation

Answer 21

Trophic cascade

Question 22

Have large effects in community, despite lower abundance, because of strong interactions

Answer 22

Keystone species

Question 23

Predict how an addition of a top predator would cascade down to affect lower trophic levels.

Answer 23

• Top predator would increase as it preyed on 3rd level
• carnivore (3rd level) would decrease as they were preyed on
• herbivore (2nd level) would increase as a result of carnivores decreasing
• primary producers (1st level) would decrease due to increase in herbivore

Question 24

Sequential change in a community over time

Answer 24

Succession

Question 25

High intensity, catastrophic disturbance. Removes all traces of previous communities including roots, seeds, and soil

Answer 25

Primary succession

Question 26

Low intensity (forest fires) not catastrophic. Some species remains

Answer 26

Secondary succession

Question 27

What is the main difference between primary and secondary succession

Answer 27

In the secondary succession the population is not reverted all the way back to zero

Question 28

Make chart of early successional vs late successional

Answer 28

Google doc

Question 29

No interaction between late and early successional species

Answer 29

Tolerance

Question 30

Early species make it harder for late species

Answer 30

Inhibition

Question 31

Pioneer species arrive early and make it easier for late arriving species

Answer 31

Facilitation

Question 32

How much the community changes due to a particular disturbance (communities change less)

Answer 32

Resistance

Question 33

Ability of community to recover and resemble pre disturbance community's

Answer 33

Resilience

Question 34

Time it takes for a community to return to equilibrium after disturbance

Answer 34

Return time

Question 35

A species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depends, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically

Answer 35

Keystone species

Question 36

Ecological status of the the keystone species may not be able to tolerate additional reduction in its population through harvesting

Answer 36

Limitations

Question 37

5 reasons for potential impacts of biodiversity loss

Answer 37

``` 1 climate change 2 over exploitation 3 deforestation and habitat loss 4 pollution 5 invasive species ```

Question 38

Smaller islands have _ _ rates than larger islands because of _ _

Answer 38

Higher extinction rates Less resources

Question 39

Islands ___ the mainland have higher immigration rates

Answer 39

Near

Question 40

The island with the fewest species will be one that is ____ and _____

Answer 40

Far from mainland and small

Question 41

Immigration rates ___ with more species added

Answer 41

Decreases

Question 42

Extinction rates ____ increase with more species added

Answer 42

Increases

Question 43

Practices drawing immigration and extinction curves

Answer 43

Sakai

Question 44

Species richness is ____ near the equator and __ at the poles

Answer 44

Higher | Lower

Question 45

4 contributing factors to biodiversity

Answer 45

1 climate 2 geographic area 3 isolation 4 evolutionary history

Question 46

Anybody ice benefits that ecosystems provide to humans

Answer 46

Ecosystem services

Question 47

List 4 ecosystem services

Answer 47

Provisioning Regulating Cultural Supporting

Question 48

Benefits derived from the regulation of ecosystem processes

Answer 48

Regulating

Question 49

Nonmaterial benefits people gain from ecosystems

Answer 49

Cultural

Question 50

Ecosystem processes necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services

Answer 50

Supporting

Question 51

Ecosystem goods directly consumed by the people

Answer 51

Provisioning

Question 52

Competition occurs

Answer 52

Limited resource

Question 53

K selected species

Answer 53

Long lives low reproductive rate

Question 54

R selected species

Answer 54

High reproductive rate | Short lived

Question 55

List 5 characteristic of pioneer species

Answer 55

``` Fast growing Efficient nutrient uptake Rapid dispersal R selected Short generation time ```

Question 56

List 5 characteristics of late successional environments

Answer 56

``` Slower growth Slower to mature Larger individual biomass Strong competitors K selected ```

Question 57

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Answer 57

When ecological disturbance is neither too rare or frequent local species diversity is maximized