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Micro Biology > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

A) What makes a disease contagious or communicable? Give some examples.

A

can be transmitted from one host to another, colds, measles, flu etc

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2
Q

1) How is disease transmission determined? How can they be controlled?

A

it is determined by the environment, the pathogen, and the host. ie sanitation prevents pathogen from acessing the host

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3
Q

B) What makes a disease non-communicable?

A

when it doens’t spread from host to host. ie. tetanus tat enters the host from environment, or normal flora

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4
Q

C) What is the attack rate? What does it reflect?

A

percentage of people who get ill after exposure to a certain pathogen. this reflect how many people exposed verses how many get ill.

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5
Q

D) What is the incidence of a disease?

A

number of new cases within a specific timme period

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6
Q

E) What is prevalence of a disease?

A

number of cases at any time within a certain time period. usuaslly given as a rate

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7
Q

F) What does the term morbidity refer to?

A

incidence of disease of a population at risk

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8
Q

G) What does the term mortality refer to?

A

overall death rate in a population

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9
Q

1) What is the case fatality rate? Which diseases have a high rate?

A

percentage of a population that dies of a specific disease. Ebola and aids

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10
Q

2) Why has the case-fatality rate for AIDS gone down while the prevalence has gone up?

A

treatment has improves, but prevalence has increased because more people are living with aids

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11
Q

H) What makes a disease endemic vs. sporadic?

A

endemic:constantly present in a population ie cold
Sporadic: cases occur only time to time

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12
Q

I) What constitutes an epidemic? [Figure 19.1]

A

large numbers of cases in a poplulation

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13
Q

1) Can a disease not normally present in an area cause an epidemic?

A

yes

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14
Q

J) What constitutes an outbreak?

A

cluster f cases occuring in a brief amount of time and effecting a specific poplulation

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15
Q

K) When does an epidemic turn into a pandemic?

A

when an epidemic spreads world wide

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16
Q

L) What is a reservoir of infection? [Figure 19.2]

A

natural habitat of a certain pathogen. can be inn animals, soil,and water

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17
Q

1) Why doesn’t the United States have epidemics of plague?

A

because they control their rodents such as mice

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18
Q

2) Can humans be reservoirs?

A

yes

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19
Q

3) Why can it be easier to contain symptomatic illnesses?

- Can they be spread before symptoms appear?

A

because people are aware there is an issue and can take prevenative measures.
yes they can spread before symptoms apear

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20
Q

4) What is problematic about asymptomatic carriers?

A

they do not know they are ill and do not take prevenative measures

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21
Q

5) What are some diseases spread by non-human reservoirs?

-

A

poultry: campylobacter, and samonella
rabies caused by skunks, and bats
y pestis by mice

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22
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

diseases that can be transmitted to humans, but can cause disease is

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23
Q

6) What are some organisms that have environmental reservoirs?

A

tetanus, botulism

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24
Q

M) What is a portal of exit and what’s it used for? Give an example.

A

route in which it leaves its resivor to be transmitted. ie through feces

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25
Q

N) What is a portal of entry and what’s it used for? Give an example. [Figure 19.3]

A

how it enters the body to infect it. it through cut, or mouth

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26
Q

O) What is horizontal transmission? [Figure 19.4]

A

transimission of pathogen fro one person to the other, via air, water, skin, or insect

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27
Q

1) What types of direct contact aid horizontal transmission?

A

hand shake, sex,

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28
Q

-How can direct contact transmission be avoided?

A

washing hands, using condoms etc.

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29
Q

2) How does indirect contact occur? How can you control transmission through this?

A

This is through passing via inadimate objects. (fomites) . You can do this by cleaning the environment.

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30
Q

3) How does droplet transmission occur? How can this be minimized?

A

3 feet within a person just breathing droplets in the air can get to you. this can be prevented via masks and keeping beds and desks 3 feet apart

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31
Q

4) How can pathogens be transmitted through food and water? How can this be minimized?

A

food: ie samonella in chickens tract as it lays and egg, or people preparing do not wash hands. Fecal matter in water that is not properly treated

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32
Q

5) How are pathogens transmitted through the air? How can they be controlled?

A

particles in the air that are larger than 10 micrometers can get caught in mucous and swallowed, smaller can get into the lungs,
droplets.
ventalation systems and filters

33
Q
  • What are droplet nuclei?

- How can viable organisms in the air be counted? [Figure 19.5]

A

Small droplets that attach to at thin coat of dry material.

this can be measured by a machine that pumps a set amount of volume of air against a petri dish.

34
Q

-How does a mechanical vector spread pathogens? [Figure 19.6a]

A

cary microbe on its body. ie flies from poop to food

35
Q

-How do biological vectors spread pathogens and what are some examples?[Figure19.6B]

A

harbor the pathogen internally ie. ticks and mosquitos

36
Q

-How can you prevent vector-borne disease?

A

control of anthrpods, spraying, net ect.

37
Q

P) What is vertical transmission?

A

transmission from mother to baby via placenta, or breast feeding

38
Q

Q) What influences the outcome of transmissions?

A

virulence of pathogen, dose, and incubation period

39
Q

1)What are some of the things virulence factors do?

A

increased factors that cause disease, adherence to sufaces, thwart immune response, damage host via toxins, destructive enzymes, or stimulating strong inflamatory response

40
Q

2) How does the dose affect the probability of infection?

A

the more of the microbe the more damage. causing disease

41
Q

3) How does the incubation period affect the spread of pathogens?

A

the longer incubation the more people individuals contact spreading disease before they know they are sick

42
Q

R) What causes some populations to be more affected by pathogens than others?

A

they can be an immunized. They can live in less sanitary and closer quarters like in 3rd world countries.Age can also effect it. kids with u

43
Q

1) How can herd immunity protect a population?

A

when everyone is immunized and do not carry/ spread a disease and protects those who are not immmunized in the community

44
Q

2) How does general health affect disease?

A

malnutrition, overcrowding, and fatigue increases peoples susceptibility

45
Q

3) How does age relate to disease? [Figure 19.7]

A

kids have underdeveloped immune systems.

adults the immunity wanes over time, they do not update their vaccinations and live in care facility in close quaters.

46
Q

4) How can gender and religious/cultural practices influence disease distribution?

A

females more prone due to pregnancy and shorter urethra.
cultural: some groups who eat raw fish at risk
and babies breast fed are safer

47
Q

5) How can the genetic background of a population influence disease?

A

africans: are not at risk for malaria because they lack specific receptors on their rbc’s.
northern Europeans. less risk for HIV becaue of lack of receptor on wbc’s

48
Q

A) What is included in a descriptive study?

A

when an outbreak occurs: seeking time, place of outbreak and individuals infected.

49
Q

1) How does determining the profile of those who are ill help?

A

this allows you to know the population at risk. based on lifestyle, race, other risk factors

50
Q

2) How can the location of disease acquisition help?

A

this helps pinpoint source , gives potential reservoirs , vectors

51
Q

3) How can knowing the timing of an outbreak help?

A

help you know if the agent came from a common source aka food poisoning. or wether it is contangeous

52
Q
  • What is a common-source epidemic?

- What is a propagated epidemic? [Figure 19.8]

A

numbers grow slowly of those ill. because it is an infectious disease

53
Q

-What is the index case?

A

first case that starts the outbreak

54
Q

-How can the season the epidemic occurred be significant? [Figure 19.9]

A

winter: people all clustered together in a builidng
Summer: people are more likely to be bit by mosqiutos and food born ilnesses rise

55
Q

B) What are analytical studies?

A

determine which of he potential risk factors identified by the studies are relevant in the spread of the disease

56
Q

1) What is a cross-sectional study?

A

surveys a range of people to determine the prevalence of infection, behaviors, or etc.

57
Q

2) What is a retrospective study?

A

follows a disease outbreak. actions and events are investigated of those who are infected and those not infected and then they are compares. tries to find causation

58
Q

3) What is a case-control study?

A

studying a single individual

59
Q

4) What is a prospective study?

A

looks into the future. they follow those who have risk factors of getting disease and follow them over time

60
Q

-What are cohort groups?

A

study groups who are known to have a risk factor

61
Q

C) What is an experimental study used for?

A

used to dertermine the cause and effect of risk factors, or development of disease, or prevenative factors

62
Q

A) What does the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do?

A

provides support for infectious disease labs in the US. They also gather information on 50 diseases and update weekly. researches, and sends teams to assist with identifying and controling.

63
Q

1) Which diseases are reported to the CDC? [Table 19.1]

A

446

64
Q

B) What does the public health department do?

A

q

65
Q

C) What does the World Health Organization do?

A

provide guidaince in world health, set global standards of health, strengthen national health programs, and develop health technologies

66
Q

D) How have humans eliminated or reduced many diseases? [Figure 19.10]

A

sanitation, vector andresivoir control, vaccinations and antibiotics

67
Q

1) What are some examples of diseases that have been decreased? [Figure 19.11]

A

haemophilus influenzae, diptheria, tetanus, and pertussis, malaria plague,small pox, and cholera

68
Q

A) What are emerging diseases and what factors contribute? [Figure 19.12]

A

SARS mad cow, avian flu, malaria, tb

  • Microbial evolution
  • Complacencey and public health factors
  • Changes in society: ie daycare
  • Advances in technology: provides new environments
  • Population expansions: growing populations means expansion into new areas
  • Development: ie dams providing habitat for snails carrying a parasite
  • Mass production
  • War and civil unrest- ie refugee camps and close quarters
  • Climate changes
69
Q

A) What are healthcare-associated infections?

A

Infections individuals aquire while receiving treatment in a healthcare setting.

70
Q

1) What are some common causes? [Table 19.2]

A

450

71
Q

B) What are nosocomial infections?

A

hospital aquired infections

72
Q

1) What is the frequency of these infections? [Figure 19.13]

A 
32% uti
22% surgical site
17% other
15% respiratory
14 % bacteremia
73
Q

C) What are the reservoirs in a healthcare setting?

A

other patients
health care environment
workers
patient microbiota

74
Q

D) How can pathogens be transmitted in the ICU? [Figure 19.4]

A

catheters, iv’s and other monitors. endoscopes, respirators, and surgical instraments

75
Q

F) How can healthcare professionals prevent themselves from spreading pathogens?

A

wear ppe and wash hands !!!!!!

76
Q

G) How do hospitals prevent air borne transmission of pathogens?

A

airflow regualtion into rooms. no brooms are use instead they wet the floor, hepa filters

77
Q

H) How do hospitals prevent the development of healthcare-associated infections? [Per. 19.1]

A

452

78
Q

1) What do ICP’s do?

A

they are infection control practitioners who watch types and numbers of infections in their hospital

79
Q

2) What does the HICPAC do?

A

national committee that provide guidelines for survelence, prevention, and control of healthcare associated infections

Micro Biology (25 decks)

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