Lefkowitz

Question 1

1. What is the basic formulation of morality that Lefkowitz uses in this essay to regulate behavior?

Answer 1

Scanlon does not say so, I contend that a moral agent’s natural duties to refrain from treating others in various ways that they could reasonably reject correlate with the rights of those others not to be treated in those ways.10 Talk of both duties and rights is merely a shorthand way of referring to moral principles for the general regulation of behavior that no one could reasonably reject, not a reference to foundational values that are incorporated, already morally laden, into the process of deter-mining what principles cannot be reasonably rejected.

Question 2

2. What are some of the rights (at least three) all moral agents possess?

Answer 2

right to basic healthcare
right to to participation
ight to be free from deliberately or negligently inflicted bodily harm, a right to freedom of religious belief and practice, a right to freedom of speech,

Question 3

3. Why must the state Lefkowitz is discussing be a “liberal democracy”?

Answer 3

it is a state concerned about individual rights. we have a moral right to uphold individual rights.

Question 4

Section III 1. How does Lefkowitz define “a minimally democratic decision procedure”?

Answer 4

A minimally democratic decision procedure is an institutional re-sponse to two competing moral demands. On the one hand, there are the justifiable claims of those whose proper moral treatment requires collective action, which make up (one of) the ends of a justified modern state. On the other hand, there are the reasonable claims of various individuals regarding the specification of those ends and the morally best or most efficient means to their realization.

Question 5

2. In what ways is civil disobedience effective?

Answer 5

this can draw attention and influence the needed change. It needs to be public,

Question 6

3. What two options does a member of a liberal democratic state have regarding the law?

Answer 6

I argue, that citizens of a liberal-democratic state have a duty to obey the law (or to engage in public disobedience). For anyone committed to a defense of democratic authority on noninstrumental grounds, in order for the duty to respect democratic authority to have any independent weight, it must be the case that there are some instances in which that duty defeats other moral duties.

Question 7

restrainst on civil disobedience

Answer 7

no violence
no cohersion ( black mailing to make people participate)
must be public