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TxPlan/MedComplex/SpecNeeds > MedComplex-Endocrine2 > Flashcards

MedComplex-Endocrine2 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ of the thyroid or goiter is the MOST COMMON manifestation and reflects impaired synthesis of thyroid hormone, mostly from a deficiency of dietary_______

A

Enlargement….. iodine

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2
Q

Low concentrations of T3 and T4 in the serum results in inadequate feedback inhibition of the pituitary, which responds to the low levels of thyroid hormones by OVERPRODUCING _____.

A

TSH

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3
Q

Most patients are euthyroid, and it is far more common in females than males (about ___ to ___)

A

8 to 1

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4
Q

________ Goiter? Enlargement of the thyroid without functional, inflammatory, or neoplastic alterations.

A

NON-Toxic

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5
Q

2 types of NON-toxic goiters: The types are _______ nontoxic, seen mostly in adolescence and pregnancy, and _________ nontoxic goiters, usually seen in persons over the age of fifty.

A

diffuse…. multinodular

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6
Q

What does the diffuse type of goiter represent?
It represents the early stages of the disease where the gland is diffusely enlarged with mildly enlarged follicles with minimal ______

A

colloid

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7
Q

What does the ________ type represent? Reflects more of a chronic disease, with nodular enlargement and cyst formation with microscopically, larger follicles with increased colloid separated by dense fibrosis, focal calcifications and chronic inflammation.

A

multinodular

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8
Q

Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland in the vast majority is caused by ________ (85%)

A

Graves Disease

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9
Q

*TEST Q?? WOAH! What is the most PREVALENT AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE in the US?

A

Graves Disease

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10
Q

Graves Disease is an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies to the _____ receptors on the surface of the thyroid follicular cells.

A

TSH

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11
Q

The pathogenesis of Graves Disease relates to increased circulating antibodies (___) that bind to the surface of the thyroid cells, exerting a stimulus similar to the effects of TSH itself.

A

IgG

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12
Q

Graves Disease: Elaboration of these thyroid-stimulating antibodies requires thyroid-specific helper (CD-4) positive T-Cells that recognizes the TSH receptors and activates the ___- cells.

A

B cells

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13
Q

Which thyroid disorder? The colloid tends to be depleted and appears scalloped or “moth-eaten” where it abuts the epithelium.

A

Graves Disease

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14
Q

The protrusion of the eyeballs is a common complication of _______, caused by enlargement of the orbital extraocular muscles.

A

graves disease

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15
Q

What condition? Patients exhibit a gradual onset of nervousness, tremor, weakness and weight loss, although they have an increased appetite.

A

Graves

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16
Q

If GRAVES IS left untreated, it progressively leads to thyroid failure with resultant _______thyroidism!!!

A

hypothyroidism

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17
Q

Graves disease is a hyper or hypo thyroid condition?

A

hyper (until late stages when it becomes hypo c/o thyroid burnout)

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18
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism is associated with which tissue?

A

the thyroid gland

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19
Q

Secondary Hypothyroidism is associated with which tissue?

A

pituitary gland

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20
Q

Tertiary Hypothyroidism is associated with which tissue?

A

hypothalamic tissue

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21
Q

Myxedema Madness may develop from hyper or hypo thyroidism?

A

hypo

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22
Q

What is Cretinism?

Congenital _____thyroidism that can either be endemic, sporadic, or genetic.

A

HYPOthyroidism

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23
Q

Inflammation of the thyroid that is most often immune-mediated, characterized by gradual failure because of an immune destruction of the gland is describing WHAT?

A

hashimoto thyroiditis

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24
Q

H.T. is more common in ______ (6:1) and most prevalent between 45 and 65 years of age.

A

women

25
Q

** I WILL PROBABLY ASK THIS* HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS patients are at an increased risk for the development of WHICH TYPE OF CANCER?

A

B-cell Lymphomas

26
Q

Is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis hypo or hyper thyroid?

A

HYPO

27
Q

_______ Syndrome: Hypercortisolism due to either adrenal tumors or hyperplasias.

A

Cushing

28
Q

Cushing Syndrome: ______cortisolism due to either adrenal tumors or hyperplasias.

A

HYPER

29
Q

What is the difference between Cushing’s Disease and Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Disease=pituitary causes….Syndrome = Adrenal Causes

30
Q

Which one can cause which between Cushing’s Disease and Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Disease (pituitary) can cause syndrome (adrenal)

31
Q

________ Disease: Hyposecretion of adrenal cortical hormones due to autoimmune destruction of the gland

A

Addison

32
Q

Addison Disease: ______secretion of adrenal cortical hormones due to autoimmune destruction of the gland

A

HYPO

33
Q

Cushing Syndrome: A result of hypersecretion of __________ from adrenal cortical tumors or hyperplasias

A

glucocorticoids

34
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CUSHING SYNDROME?

A

Chronic Corticosteroid Rx

35
Q

Cushing _______ is five times more frequent than Cushing ________, associated with primary adrenal tumors or hyperplasias.

A

disease….syndrome

36
Q

Cushing disease is mostly seen in middle-aged ______ (25-45)

A

WOMEN

37
Q

Adrenal cortical tumors (benign adenomas or malignant carcinomas) are _____ because of their high _____ content.

A

yellow, lipid

38
Q

Which condition presents with MOON FACE?

A

Cushing Syndrome

39
Q

Which test can differentiate if a person has Cushing Disease vs Syndrome?

A

DexaMethaSone Suppression Test

40
Q

What is the Tx for exogenously induced Cushing Syndrome?

A

TAPER patient off of steroid tx

41
Q

Adrenal insufficiency is usually a consequence of adrenal destruction, ACUTELY (_______-______ Syndrome)

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen

42
Q

Adrenal insufficiency is usually a consequence of adrenal destruction slowly by an autoimmune disease (_______ Disease)

A

Addison

43
Q

What is ACUTE adrenal insufficiency? What is chronic?

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen is acute….Addison is chronic

44
Q

What is also known as Acute Meningococcemia: characterized by an overwhelming Neisseria meningitides septicemia?

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

45
Q

________: Accounts for the vast majority (70-80%) of adrenal insufficiency today. Seen mostly in white women

A

Addison Disease

46
Q

What is the most unique physical manifestation of the gram negative epticemia aka waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome?

A

purpura

47
Q

Which gram negative bacterium is responsible for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome again?

A

Nisseria Meningitidis

48
Q

What is Primary chronic adrenal insufficiency due to autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland?

A

Addison Disease

49
Q

In Addison Disease After 90% of the gland has been destroyed, clinical manifestations due to failure to produce ___________, ____________, and ________ appear.

A

glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and androgens

50
Q

Clinically, Addison’s Disease presents with extreme weakness and ________, sometimes leading to bed rest, with weight loss, anorexia, nausea, and personality changes.

A

fatigue

51
Q

Affected Addison’s patients are _________ (glucocorticoid deficiency) with electrolyte imbalances, (mineralcorticoid deficiency causing hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, with volume depletion leading to hypotension)

A

hypoglycemic

52
Q

Addison’s = diffuse tan pigmentation usually develops on the skin related to increased pituitary _____ precursor hormone stimulation of melanocytes

A

ACTH

53
Q

__________: A rare neoplasm of _______ cells of the adrenal medulla that synthesizes and releases the Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine).

A

Pheochromocytoma….chromaffin

54
Q

Although uncommon, Pheochromocytoma give rise to a surgically correctable form of _________.

A

hypertension

55
Q

Addisons and Cushings are the adrenal ________, whereas Pheochromocytoma affect the adrenal _______

A

cortex…medulla

56
Q

Clinical Pheochromocytoma: Clinically, the dominant manifestation is _______, which classically is abrupt, with tachycardia, palpitations, H/A, sweating, and tremor, often associated with N/V, abdominal and chest pain

A

Hypertension

57
Q

exercise, lifting or bending can perpetuate the HTN affects of which condition?

A

Pheochromocytoma

58
Q

Pheochromocytoma: This sudden release may acutely precipitate pulmonary _______. Myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation, cerebrovascular accidents, and congestive heart failure.

A

edema

59
Q

What are the two markers in the urine to diagnose a Pheochromocytoma?

A

VMAs and MetaNephrines

TxPlan/MedComplex/SpecNeeds (21 decks)

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