Bladder Cancer Flashcards
What is the incidence of bladder cancer in the UK.
1:6,000 new cases in the UK per annum.
What is the ratio of bladder cancer cases of men:women.
5:2
What are some risk factors for developing bladder cancer. (5)
Smoking. Exposure to aromatic amines. Chronic cystitis. Schistosomiasis (increased risk of SCC). Pelvic irradiation.
What are the industries that use aromatic amines. (5)
Clothing dyes. Rubber industry. Printing. Petrochemical smelting. Aluminium smelting.
What is the mean age of diagnosis of bladder cancer.
65
What is the latency period after exposure to aromatic amines in developing bladder cancer.
It can be up to 20 years.
What is the most common form of bladder cancer.
90% are transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).
What is the aetiology of patients presenting with bladder cancer. (2)
80% present with superficial disease.
20% present with invasive disease.
What form of cancer are a small minority of bladder cancer.
Squamous cell carcinoma.
What are the risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. (3)
Schistosomiasis.
Chronic infection.
Long term catheterisation.
What is the most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer.
Painless haematuria.
What is macroscopic haematuria associated with.
TCC in 25% of cases.
What is microscopic haematuria associated with.
TCC in 5% of cases.
What are the symptoms of bladder cancer. (4)
Haematuria.
Reccurent UTIs.
Increased frequency.
Increased urgency.
What percentage of bladder cancers are confined to the bladder mucosa.
80%
