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AP Psych > Unit 8- Clinical Psychology (12-16%) > Flashcards

Unit 8- Clinical Psychology (12-16%) Flashcards

1
Q

BiPolar Disorder

A

Alternating episodes of depression and mania

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2
Q

Mania

A

A characteristic of BiPolar Disorder. Extreme enthusiasm, elation, over active, little need for sleep, risky and poor decisions

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3
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A

A mood disorder characterized by depression that occurs at the same time every year, usually winter when there is less daylight

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4
Q

Learned helplessness

A

A behavior caused by an endured repeated painful stimuli that was unavoidable. This feeds depression

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5
Q

Hallucinations

A

Sensations without stimuli. Hearing voices, seeing, smelling, tasting, and feelings things that are not actually there

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6
Q

Delusions of Persecution

A

Being paranoid that harm is occurring or will occur. Believes they are being persecuted

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7
Q

Delusions of Grandeur

A

A false belief that one possesses superior qualities such as genius, fame, omnipotence, or wealth.

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8
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Disorganized thinking, delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate emotions and actions like the flat affect and catatonia and disruptive social behavior

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9
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

A theory that the positive symptoms (hallucinations and delusions) associated with schizophrenia can be explained by excess dopamine receptors in the brain

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10
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Caused by long-term use if neuroleptic drugs. Causes involuntary movements, such as grimacing and eye blinking

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11
Q

Panic disorder

A

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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12
Q

Obsessive-complusive disorder(OCD)

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts(obsessions) and/or actions(compulsions)

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13
Q

Obsession

A

Inability of a person to stop thinking about a particular topic or feeling a certain emotion without a high amount of anxiety.

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14
Q

Compulsion

A

Repetitive, rule-based behavior that a person feels they must perform in order to feel normal and in some cases to prevent negative consequences from happening.

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15
Q

Phobias

A

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

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16
Q

Social Phobias(social anxiety disorder)

A

-An intense fear of being scrutinized by other -Avoid potentially embarrassing social situations, such as speaking up, eating out, or going to parties

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17
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes -Given such fear, people may avoid being outside the home, in a crowd, on a bus, or on an elevator

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18
Q

Somatoform disorder

A

Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic(bodily) form without apparent physical cause

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19
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

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20
Q

Conversion disorder

A

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

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21
Q

Mood disorder

A

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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22
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in a absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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23
Q

Psychological disorder

A

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

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24
Q

Medical model

A

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

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25
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

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26
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

An anxiety disorder in which person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

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27
Q

Panic Disorders

A

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

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28
Q

Autism

A

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of minds.

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29
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)

A

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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30
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

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31
Q

Fugue Disorder

A

A rare disorder where someone loses their identity often in response to an overwhelming or stressful situation

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32
Q

Psychopathology

A

The study of the origin, development, and manifestations of mental or behavioral disorders or the manifestation of a mental or behavioral disorder.

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33
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective: causes of abnormal behavior

A

The perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression.

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34
Q

Psychological disorder

A

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

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35
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling of light-headedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months

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36
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

A loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.

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37
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

A loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease.

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38
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous thoughts, feelings, and memories.

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39
Q

Criticism of the DSM

A
  1. Normal problems are increasingly seen as pathology. -removal of MDD -lowering criteria for GAD -Removal of Asperger’s as 2nd dx 2. Influence from pharmaceutical industry 3. Shift attention to people who could do well without while those who need help don’t get it.
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40
Q

DSM-V

A

5 version of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders set to be published in 2013; includes changes to many diagnostic categories (e.g. personality disorders) and more emphasis on severity of symptoms in diagnosis

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41
Q

Personality Disorders

A

A class of mental disorders that involve long-term patterns and thoughts that are unhealthy, inflexible, and impairing to social relationships

42
Q

Personality disorder types

A

Cluster A- odd or eccentric behavior is considered to be central. Ex: schizotypal, schizoid and paranoid personality disorders Cluster B- dramatic and erratic emotional responses are common. Ex: borderline, antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders Cluster C- anxious and fearful behaviour are central Ex: avoidant, dependent and obsessive compulsive personality disorders.

43
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

A disorder where a person seeks attention, talks dramatically with strong opinions, is easily influenced, has rapidly changing emotions, and thinks relationships are closer than they are.

44
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

A mental condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others. The person does not have a full-blown psychotic disorder, such as schizophrenia.

45
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and emotions. People with borderline personality disorder are also usually very impulsive. This disorder occurs in most by early adulthood.

46
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Symptoms include an excessive need for admiration, disregard for others’ feelings, an inability to handle any criticism, and a sense of entitlement.

47
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

The person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward family and friends. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

48
Q

Humanistic Perspective: Causes of Abnormal Behavior

A

Abnormal behavior is caused by conditions of worth that society puts on individuals, causing them to have poor self concept.

49
Q

Sociocultural Perspective: Causes of Abnormal Behavior

A

A perspective of abnormal behavior that focuses on influences that other people, social institutions, and social forces exert on a person’s mental health; Assumes that behavior is shaped by family, society, and culture.

50
Q

Rosenhan Study

A

an experiment conducted to determine the validity of psychiatric diagnosis. The experimenters feigned hallucinations to enter psychiatric hospitals, and acted normally afterwards. They were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and were given antipsychotic drugs. Also showed the power of labeling people as “insane”

51
Q

Nondirective therapy

A

Therapists listens without judging or interpreting and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights

52
Q

Active listening

A

Echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses and acknowledging the expressed feelings

53
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Caring, accepting, and nonjudgmental attitude which Carl Rodgers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

54
Q

Counterconditioning

A

A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

55
Q

Exposure therapies

A

Behavioral techniques that treat anxiety by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

56
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

Type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with a gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Often used to treat a phobia.

57
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

Type of Counterconditioning that associates and unpleasant state (nausea) with an unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)

58
Q

Token economy

A

An operate conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the token for various treats

59
Q

Behavior modification

A

Reinforcing desired behavior, and withholding reinforcement or enacting punishment for an undesired behavior

60
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer but through the the eyes of the person doing the behaving. Study of the whole person

61
Q

Goals of humanistic therapy

A

Focus on person conscious self-perceptions. The clients may deepen their self understanding and self acceptance

62
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

Form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility and that focuses upon the individual’s experience in the present moment

63
Q

Fritz Perls

A

Developed the Gestalt therapy. Believed that characters and objects in our dreams are in fact projections of ourselves. They are a part of our personality that we do not acknowledge.

64
Q

Behavioral approach

A

The analysis of employees actions to identify behavior patterns that separate am effective employee from the less effective or non performing employee

65
Q

Psychiatrists

A

A medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. Can prescribe medications

66
Q

Clinical Psychologist

A

A mental health professional with highly specialized training in the diagnosis and psychological treatment of mental, behavioral, and emotional illness

67
Q

Counseling Psychologist

A

A psychologist who focuses on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the life span. He/she pays particular attention to emotional, social, vocational, educational, health related, developmental, and organizational concerns

68
Q

Social Workers

A

Mental health professionals who help people with a wide range of issues, including psychological, financial, health, relationship, and substance abuse problems

69
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

Process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services for those diagnosed with a mental disorder or developmental disability

70
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Treatment involving psychological technoques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone see,King to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

71
Q

Insight Therapies

A

A varied of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

72
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Father of psychoanalysis. Believed interactions between the conscious and unconscious mind shaped behavior. Came up with the id, ego, and superego

73
Q

Psychoanalytic Approach

A

The method of psychiatric therapy originated by Sigmund Freud in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance, and transference are us d to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts

74
Q

Goals of Psychoanalysis

A

To help the patient develop insight into his or her unconscious processes

75
Q

Psychoanalytic Therapy

A

Founded by Sigmund Freud. Thought that to gain insight on people’s unconscious thoughts and motivations would “cure” them

76
Q

Free Association

A

Technique used in psychoanalysis and developed by Freud. It is when the patient is relaxed and says whatever comes to mind. Is supposed to uncover the unconscious thoughts and feelings that had been repressed

77
Q

Manifest Content

A

What happens on the surface of your dream

78
Q

Latent Content

A

Compared to manifest content. Is what the manifest content represents and symbolizes

79
Q

Resistance

A

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material

80
Q

Transference

A

In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships, such as love or hatred for a parent

81
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalyst if tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and that seeks to enhance self insight

82
Q

Aaron Beck

A

Originally trained in Freudian techniques Analyzed dreams of the depressed Found lots of negativity Used gentle questioning to reverse the negative thoughts

83
Q

Albert Ellis

A

Aggressive rational-emotive therapy Showed how therapists can differ which could affect their view of a healthy person Thought of nothing as supreme, self gratification should be encouraged Personal beliefs influence their practice

84
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

85
Q

Lithium

A

Mood stabilizing drug used for bipolar disorder

86
Q

Antidepressants

A

Drugs used to treat depression, also used for anxiety Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

87
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A

A now rare surgery once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients Cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotional-controlling enters of the inner brain

88
Q

Goal of Cognitive Therapy

A

Change the thought process

89
Q

Anxiolytics

A

medication that inhibits anxiety

90
Q

Group Therapy

A

Just as effective as individual therapy Costs less Provides support because you know others are going through what you are

91
Q

Family Therapy

A

helps family members improve communication and resolve conflicts

92
Q

Joseph Wolpe

A

Pioneer of exposure therapy. He was less interested in individual’s past life. He focused on the changing behavior.

93
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

Exposure therapy. Her strategy is to associate the fear evoking rabbit with a pleasurable, relaxed response associated with eating.

94
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Developed the widely used humanistic technique called client-center therapy. Roger encouraged therapists to exhibit genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

95
Q

Alcoholics Anonymous

A

A type of group therapy A 12 step program

96
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

97
Q

Evidence- based practice

A

Best available research based with clinicians expertise and patients characteristics and preferences

98
Q

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A

Form of cognitive behavior therapy Developed by Dr. Albert Ellis Action-oriented approach to managing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances. Largely based on our thinking about events that leads to emotional and behavioral upset.

99
Q

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

A form of brain stimulation therapy Uses magnetic pulses instead of electricity to activate parts of the brain. Possible therapy for depression

100
Q

Cognitive approach

A

Relatively modern approach to human behaviour that focuses on how we think, with the belief that such thought processes affect the way in which we behave

101
Q

Electroconvulsive shock treatment

A

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

AP Psych (10 decks)

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